General Biology - Cell Reproduction

Front 1

What are the three types of cells?

Back 1

Undifferentiated Cells, Differentiated Cells& Terminally Differentiated Cells.

Front 2

What are undifferentiated PLANT cells called?

Back 2

Meristems.

Front 3

Plant cells that are located at the rootip and shoot tip.

Back 3

Apical meristems.

Front 4

What are undifferentiated ANIMAL cells called?

Back 4

Stem Cells.

Front 5

(Animal) cells that can form a total new organism.

Back 5

Totipotent cells.

Front 6

What is the function for differentiated cells?

Back 6

Cells that will only divide for repair or regeneration.

Front 7

What type of cells lose the ability to divide for repair or regeneration?

Back 7

Terminally Differentiated Cells.

Front 8

The Cell Cycle consists of how many stages?

Back 8

Four.

Front 9

What are the four stages of the Cell Cycle?

Back 9

G1 (Gap 1), S (Synthesis), G2 (Gap 2) and M (Mitosis & Cytokinesis).

Front 10

These cells replace old organelles, Make proteins, do Cell respiration, do Photosynthesis and Grow in size.

Back 10

G1 Cells.

Front 11

The time when a cell makes the decision to divide or not to divide.

Back 11

Restriction Point.

Front 12

What are the deciding factors at the Restriction Point?

Back 12

Amount of cytoplasm, Factors in the environment (food & water)and chemical signals.

Front 13

Which cells "do not cycle" and are stuck in a G0 stage?

Back 13

Terminally Differentiated Cells.

Front 14

Where do cells go once they pass the Restriction Point?

Back 14

S (Synthesis) Phase.

Front 15

What happens in the S (Synthesis) Phase?

Back 15

Cells replicate their DNA.

Front 16

How are chromosomes counted for?

Back 16

By the number of centromeres.

Front 17

What are the two chromatids of the S chromosome known as?

Back 17

Sister chromatids.

Front 18

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

Back 18

Microtubles.

Front 19

Why are microtubles disassembled from other parts of the cell?

Back 19

To assemble the mitotic spindle apparatus.

Front 20

What is the resting stage during Mitosis?

Back 20

Interphase.

Front 21

Name the stages of Interphase?

Back 21

G1, S and G2.

Front 22

What is the M Stage?

Back 22

Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

Front 23

Define Mitosis.

Back 23

Division of Nucleus.

Front 24

Define Cytokinesis.

Back 24

Division of Cytoplasm.

Front 25

Name the four phases of Mitosis.

Back 25

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.

Front 26

Chromosomes consist of identical chromatids, Spindle develops, longest phase.

Back 26

Prophase.

Front 27

Chromatids align at the cell's equator during this phase.

Back 27

Metaphase.

Front 28

Each centromere divides, the new chromosomes (each one from one pair of chromatids) move toward the poles, during this phase.

Back 28

Anaphase.

Front 29

During this phase, chromosomes reach the poles and pass into the next interphase.

Back 29

Telophase.

Front 30

Where are the four zones in a plant?

Back 30

The Root Tip.

Front 31

Describe activity in the Root Cap.

Back 31

Protects young undifferentiated cells.

Front 32

Describe activity in the Zone of Cell Division.

Back 32

Mitosis occurs.

Front 33

Describe activity in the Zone of Elongation.

Back 33

Growth occurs.

Front 34

Describe activity in the Zone of Differentiation.

Back 34

Cells mature and specialize.

Front 35

Where is the apical meristem?

Back 35

At the top of the Root Cap.

Front 36

Microfilaments pinch the cell in two, forming a cleavage furrow.

Back 36

Cytokinesis in ANIMALS.

Front 37

Golgi bodies mass along middle of cell, forming a cell plate which divides cell.

Back 37

Cytokinesis in PLANTS.

Front 38

Name the four functions of Mitosis.

Back 38

Growth, Repair, Regeneration & Asexual Reproduction.

Front 39

Increase the number of cells or amount of cytoplasm.

Back 39

Growth during Mitosis.

Front 40

Cells divide to replace those lost, e.g. broken bones, sunburn.

Back 40

Repair during Mitosis.

Front 41

Cells divide to replace missing parts, e.g. insect leg, seastar arm.

Back 41

Regeneration during Mitosis.

Front 42

Can form a clone - a genetically identical cell, during this function of Mitosis.

Back 42

Asexual Reproduction.

Front 43

Rythmic fluctuations in molecules that pace events of cycle.

Back 43

Cell Cycle's Chemical Clock.

Front 44

Name the two protein regulators.

Back 44

Kinases and Cyclins.

Front 45

Enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them.

Back 45

Kinases.

Front 46

Protein that fluctuates in amount during different stages of cycle.

Back 46

Cyclins.

Front 47

What cyclin-Cdk complex triggers passage from G2 to M?

Back 47

MPF - Maturation Promoting Factor.

Front 48

High levels of MPF are followed by which phase of Mitosis?

Back 48

Prophase.

Front 49

How do prokaryotes do cell division?

Back 49

By Binary Fission.

Front 50

Why do prokaryotes divide by binary fission?

Back 50

Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus, therefore they cannot do mitosis.

Front 51

One Parent, offspring Clones, use Mitosis, good for large # of offspring, produce somatic cells.

Back 51

Asexual Reproduction.

Front 52

Two Parents, offspring Unique, use Meiosis, good for genetic variation, produce sex cells.

Back 52

Sexual Reproduction.

Front 53

What are sex cells in ANIMALS called?

Back 53

Gametes.

Front 54

Name the sex cells in ANIMALS.

Back 54

Ovum (female) and Sperm (male).

Front 55

What are the sex cells in PLANTS called?

Back 55

Spores.

Front 56

Name the sex cells in PLANTS.

Back 56

Megaspore (female) and Microspore (male).

Front 57

Chromosomes that carry the same kind of information at the same location.

Back 57

Homologous chromosomes.

Front 58

These cells have chromosomes in homologous pairs; one of each pair from male and one of each pair from female.

Back 58

Diploid cells.

Front 59

Chromosomes single, no pairs; Chromosome from either male or female.

Back 59

Describe Haploid cells.

Front 60

If liver cells have 40 (diploid) chromosomes, how many chromosomes in sperm cells?

Back 60

Half the amount = 20 Chromosomes.

Front 61

Occurs only in sex cells; carries out 2 divisions and produces 4 haploid cells; cells are genetically unique.

Back 61

Meiosis.

Front 62

Name the two division of Meiosis.

Back 62

Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Front 63

Reduces Chromosome number and produces 2 haploid cells during this cell division process.

Back 63

Meiosis I.

Front 64

What occurs during Meiosis II?

Back 64

Division of 2 haploid cells into 4 cells.

Front 65

Name the two significant events that occur during Prophase I.

Back 65

Synapsis and Crossing Over.

Front 66

The pairing of homologous chromosomes.

Back 66

Synapsis.

Front 67

The exchange of genetic material between two nonsister chromatids.

Back 67

Crossing Over.

Front 68

Synapsis does not occur during which cell division process?

Back 68

Mitosis.

Front 69

Crossing Over is the first major cause of ______?

Back 69

Genetic Variation.

Front 70

During Anaphase I, what does not divide?

Back 70

Centromeres.

Front 71

During Anaphase I, what is the 2nd major cause of genetic variation called?

Back 71

Independent Assortment of Chromosomes.

Front 72

What is the end result of Telophase I?

Back 72

Two Haploid Cells.

Front 73

What is the resting stage called after Meiosis I?

Back 73

Interkinesis.

Front 74

What is the difference between Interphase and Interkinesis?

Back 74

There is no S stage during Interkinesis therefore, DNA is not duplicated.

Front 75

Mitosis is identical to which cell division process?

Back 75

Meiosis II.

Front 76

During which phase of Meiosis do the centromeres divide?

Back 76

Anaphase II.

Front 77

During Meiosis I, what is produced in Spermatogenesis?

Back 77

Two same size cells.

Front 78

During Meiosis I, what is produced in Oogenesis?

Back 78

Two different size cells.

Front 79

What is the smaller cell called in Oogenesis?

Back 79

Polar Body.

Front 80

What is required to trigger Meiosis II?

Back 80

Fertilization.