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245 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The function of this non-membrane bound structure is protein synthesis
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Ribosomes
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The organelle that packages, sorts and exports
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Golgi Apparatus
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Organisms that supply their own food source
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Producers
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The function of this structure is support of the cell
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Cytoskeleton
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The function of this stucture is movement
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Cilia.Flagella
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The immediate response to a stimulus
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Irritability
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The 1st person to see the outline of the cells
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Hooke
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Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being altered
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Enzymes
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The ability to do work
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Energy
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Chemical reactions tha change or transform energy in cells
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Metabolism
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Biochemical pathways that extract energy in the presence of oxygen
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cellular respiration
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A statement of what always occurs under certain conditions
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Law
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Contains enzymes used to digest and or degrade engulfed particles
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Fermentation
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Consumers that feed on dead organisms
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Decomposers
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Movement of particles into a cell through the use of a vesicle
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Endocytosis
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The ability of an organism to maintain its internal environment
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Homeostasis
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the function of this organelle is energy production
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Mitochondria
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This is the information center of the cell
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Nucleus
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The weak chemical bond found within the structure of DNA
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Hydrogen
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Site of lipid production
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Smooth ER
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What limits the growth of a cell?
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surface area/volume ratio
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The pH scale is a measure of acidity/alkalinity based on _______ concentration.
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Hydrogen
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The Kreb cycle occurs within which organelle of the cell?
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Mitochondria
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What type of molecular transport requires energy and transport proteins?
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Active transport
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when molecules bind temporarily with a transport proteins in a cell's membrane and move across the membrane from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration is known as...
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facilitated diffusion
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a structure consisting of tissues organized to interact to carry out specific functions is called an...
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Organ
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When a solution has equal solute concentration and very little water movement into and out of a cell, the solution is called:
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isotonic
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Cells require energy for the following reason:
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Combat entrophy, carry out day to day function, repair/replace work out organelles, reproduce
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Biochemical pathways that extract energy from nutrients int he absence of oxygen include:
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Alcohol and Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Energy stored in the chemical bonds of nutrient molecules that is available to do work is called:
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Potential
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During cellular respiration, approximately how many ATPs can one gluclose molecule yield?
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30
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The ability of a membrane to regulate passage of certain moleculs into and out of a cell is called
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selective permeability
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Which of the following is part of plant cells but not animal cells
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chloroplast
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The rough ER contains
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ribosomes
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The simplest organization of matter that exhibits the properties of life is the
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cell
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The first step of cellular respiration is:
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Glycolysis
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4 major organic molecules
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lipids, nucleic acid, protein and carbohydrates
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4 types of cell membrane proteins
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transport, surface, cell adhesion molecules, receptor
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4 characteristics of life
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maintenance of homeostasis
reproduction irritability/adaptation organization |
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The reason that human muscles ache after a strenuous workout is due to:
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lactic acid accumulation
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The following are all eukaryotic kingdoms except:
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Kingdom Archaea
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Secretory vesicles are produced by
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Golgi Apparatus
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Organisms that use the enrgy in inorganic chemicals to manufacture nutrient molecules are called:
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Chemoautotrophs
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when cells such as white blood cells of a vertebrate engulf bacteria, the membrane transport mechanism used is
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phagocytosis
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In an oxidation reaction
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a molecule loses one or more electrons
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Process of cellular division in which cells are reduced from diploid to haploid
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Meiosis
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the genotype of an organism that inherits two different alleles
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Heterozygous
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Condition resulting from excess cell division or deficient apoptosis
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cancer
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allele that masks the expression of another allele
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dominant allele
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homologous chromosomes pair up
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synapsis
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Cells that have only one set of chromosomes
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Haploid
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Programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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An organisms appearance based upon the inherited allele combination
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phenotype
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Genes carried on the same chromosomes
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linked genes
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The inherited allele combination of an individual
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Genotype
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the female egg and the male sperm cell
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gametes
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The nitrogenous bases thymine and cytosine
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Pyrimidines
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Process of cellular division in which two genetically indentical cells form from one
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Mitosis
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A sequence of DNA that codes for the production of a specific protein
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gene
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Test used in predicting hte outcome of a cross between two individuals
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Punnett square
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Cells that have only one set of chromosomes
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Haploid
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Programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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An organisms appearance based upon the inherited allele combination
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phenotype
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Genes carried on the same chromosomes
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linked genes
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The inherited allele combination of an individual
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Genotype
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Cells that only have one set of chromosomes
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haploid
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programmed cell death
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Apoptosis
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an organisms appearance based upon the inherited allele combination
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phenotype
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Genes carried on the same chromosomes
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Linked genes
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The inherited allele combination of an individual
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genotype
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the female egg and the male sperm egg
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gametes
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the nitrogenous bases of thymine and cytosine
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pyrimidines
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process of cellular division in which two genetically indentical cells form from one
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mitosis
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A sequence of DNA hta codes for the porduction of a specific protein
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gene
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Test used in predicting the outocme of a cross between two individuals
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punnett square
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Cells found within the female ovaries and the male testes that undergo meiosis
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germ cells
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chromosomes that carry genes for the same traits in the same sequence
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homologs
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cells that have two sets of chromosoms
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diploid
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process where homologs exchange chromosomal material
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crossing over
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The process of meiosis in females
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oogenesis
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The XX/Xo system of sex determination can be found in:
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crickets and roaches
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DNA replication occurs during the ______ phase within the ______ stage of the cell cycle
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S, interphase
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What is NOT a characteristic of a cell in prophase
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sister chromatids separate
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The primary function of the G1 phase is?
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contains restriction checkpoints
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An individual with the genotype TT is said to:
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Posess the dominanat phenotype and be homozygous
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Which of the following reflects the correct order of the phases in interphase
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G1, G0, S, G2
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What is the purpose of the acrosome of the human sperm
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contains enzymes for egg penetration
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The laws of heredity were formulted based on oberservations of pea plants
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Law of segregation and independent assortment
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During embryonic development certain cells are removes from teh arm buds to form fingers through the process known as
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apoptosis
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The structure of DNA consist of:
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phosphate groups, 5 carbon sugars, nitrogenous bases
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The main purpose of mitosis is
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repairs missing or damaged tissue, allows growth for new cells, reduce the chromosomes from diploid to haploid
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In DNA replication, thymine always pairs up with
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adenine
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How many functional sperm cells are produced during the process of spermatogenesis
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Four
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Translation of mRNA forms a polypetide chain that determines the specific _____ coded for by the gene
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protein
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which of RNA encodes the genetic information from DNA
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mRNA
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the tips of the chromosomes are known as:
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telomere
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genetic information flows in the cell from
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DNA>RNA>protein
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A haploid human cell has how many chromosomes?
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23
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The following processes are "decided" by restriction checkpoints
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cell is healthy-divide
cell is unhealthy- die cell is healthy, but not needed-rest |
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pyrimidines are attached to purines by what kind of bonds
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hydrogen
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three consecutive bases form a fenetic word known as a
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codon
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At the completion of meiosis I, one diploid germ cell has formed into
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two genetically different diploid cells
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Each codon codes for a particular
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amino acid
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The following organims are male?
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XO and XY
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The following is not a characteristic of spermatogenesis
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one diploid cell develops into two indentical diploid cells
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the belief tha forces forming the earth act in a gradual yet constant way
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unoformitarianism
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a change in the gene pool of a small population due to chance
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Genetic Drift
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The disappears of a species on a daily basis
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background extinction
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Large scaled reduction in population size followed by an increase in size
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bottleneck effect
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adaptations of unrelated organisms due to similar environmental conditions
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Analogous structures
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new species form in populations that are separated by geographic barrier
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Allopatric speciation
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Genetic drift where a few individuals leave a large population to start a new one
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Founder's effect
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Structures that have no function in one species yet are functional in another
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vestigial structures
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formation of new forms of an ancestral species as a result of a new habitat
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adaptive radiation
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he proposed the theory of inheritance of aquired characteristics
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Jean Baptist Lamarck
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Belief that evolution results from long period of stasis followed by rapid evolution
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punctuated equilibrium
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One of the geologists who believe in the theory of uniformitarianism
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Charles Lyell
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He developed a theory of evolution similar to that of Darwin
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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Similar structure between organism that is the result of a common ancestor
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homologous structures
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He was the first scientist to propose that fossils represent extinctions
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george Cuvier
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Environment selects against one phenotypic extreme in favor of the other
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directional selection
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belief that eukaryotic cells rose from ancient cells that engulfed bacterial cells
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endosymbiont theory
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breeding of animals by man in order to produce a specific trait in the offspring
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artificial selection
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Form of natural selectionthat increase an individuals chance of reproducing
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sexual selection
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environment selects aginst the two extremes in favor of intermediate phenotype
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stabilizing selection
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Example of this include the human appendix or leg bones in snakes
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vestigial structure
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genetic drift is most likely to have notiveable effects in
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small popoulations where migration occurs regularly
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The change in the phenotypic ratio of peppered moths due to pollution during the industrial revolution is an example of
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directional selection
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the origin of life is believed to have arisen approximately how many years ago
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3.5 billion years ago
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The earliest eukaryotic fossils are believed to have arisen approximately how many years ago?
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1.7 billion years ago
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Large scale evolutionary changes that occur over long period of time are
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macroevolution
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Most modern scientist agree that
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Darwin's theory is the most plausible explanation of how evolution occurs
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Any evidence of an organism from more than 10,000 years ago is known as
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fossils
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darwin observed _______ in the gallapagos islands; today they are used as a classic example to illustrate great adaptive radiation
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finches
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Mammals that carry offspring in a pouch are called
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marsupials
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A mechanism of reproductive isolation in which mating occurs; however, sperm, cannot penetrate the egg is called:
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incompatible gametes
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A mechanism of reproductive isolation in which mating is prevented due to structureal difference that prevent the act of copulation or gamete transfer is called
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mechanical isolation
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A mechanism of reproduction isolation in which mating is prevented due to individuals mating at different seasons or times of day is called
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temporal isolation
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A change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is the definition of
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evolution
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When the Hardy-Weinberg equilibruim is achieved (no assumptions violated) evolution
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occus in "bursts"
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The process of _____ was the machanism Darwin described for weeding out less fit species
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natural selection
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Two groups within a population begin using separate mating rituals. This would be an example of
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behavioral isolation
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When natural selection favors certain phenotypes in a population over others, the population is responding to
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selection pressure
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In the punctuated equilibrium model evolution, period of evolution are:
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long, with rapid change
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The naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection was
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Charles Darwin
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The following is a prezygotic isolating mechanism
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A sperm being uable to penetrate an ovum
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A diagram based on apparent similarities between species is known as
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evolutionary tree
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Egg laying mammals
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montremes
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Mammals that retain their young within the females's body are known as
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placental
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4 of Darwin's observation
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1. More offspring produced than will survive
2. Variation in population 3. Variation incraeses fitness level 4. Individuals compete for resources |
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Two characteristics possessed by all mammals
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hair and mammary glands
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All of the individuals of a species in a single location
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population
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One species living on or on another in such a way that both species benefit
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mutualism
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The physical location in which an organism lives
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Habitat
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An inborn behavior that is largely genetically determined
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innate
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The number of individuals of a species per unit area of habitat
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Population density
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All populations of organisms living in a defined area
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community
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deep cold young lakes which are low in productivity and fertility
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oligotrophic
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a region of varying salinity where a river empties into an ocean
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estuary
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a regularly repeated journey from one location to another
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migration
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an animal's tendency to defend a certain location
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territoriality
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theoretical maximum number of indiiduals an environment can support
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carrying capacity
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symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other always dies
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parasitoidism
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all of the resources an organism uses for survival growth and reproduction
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niche
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the male and female of a species are different in appearance
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sexual dimorphism
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a mating system in which one female mates with multiple male partners
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polyandry
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learning that occurs quickly during a critical time
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imprinting
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the number of offspring any individual is likely to produce in a lifetime
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fecundity
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increasing another individual's fitness at the expense of one's own fitness
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altruism
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a mating system in which one male mates with myltiple female partners
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polygyny
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animal uses past observations to perform a new activity without obvious punishment of benefit
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latent learning
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in the ocean ecosystem photoautotrophs are most likely found:
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at the water's surface
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the amount of energy transferfrom one trophic level to the next is approximately
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10%
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in the _______ biomes, precipitation falls as snow and or ice
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taiga (boreal forests)
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In which biome would you expect to see the highest amount of animal diversity
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tropical rain forest
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a harmelss species can defend itself by ____ a species that is dangerous
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mimiking
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what happens if a population dramatically overshoots its carrying capacity in a restricted habitat, such as an island
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the weaker members die off and the population level increases
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populations with high and very rapid reproductive rates often exhibit ___ growth
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boom and bust
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the following biome you expect to find grazing animals
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tropical savanna
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both males and females have multiple partners
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polygynandry
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Water pollution is an issue of great importance because
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all of the earths water must be continually recycled
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In which biome would you expect to see alarge abumdance of coniferous or deciduous trees
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temperate forest
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The concept of the alpha male is an example of ____ which distributes resources with a minimum of aggression
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dominance hierarchy
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A learned behavior in which an animal applies prior learning to new situations without trail-and-error activities is called
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insight learning
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The water in Lake waco is nutrient rich and high in productivity, therefore it is considered a ____ lake
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eutrophic
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The ___ so name because of a type of vegetation that can live in shallow salty water is a transition zone between forest and ocean
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mangrove swamp
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a population usually has a dispersion pattern due to the need to remain close for defense and access to resources
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clumped
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within in an organsims niche interaction with other animals in form of predation or competition is an example of:
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biotic factors
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A population that has roughly equal numbers of people in each ago group is considered to be
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stable
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an adcantage to living in a eusocial population is:
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better defense, improved learning, conserve heat and moisture, enhanced reproductive success
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In which biome would you expect to see the lowest amount of biodiversity
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tundra
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nonliving factors such as oxygen levels temperature Ph level and wind velocity that can limit the typesof species with a community are known as
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abiotic factors
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an animal behavior in which past observations are used to perform a new activity; occuring without obvious punishment is called
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operant conditioning
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which driest hottest biome has platns an animals that are adapted to obtain and store water
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desert
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alveoli
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-grapelike outpouchings of the lung
-functional units of lung -lg surface area |
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Pharynx
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common passageway for both digestive and respiratory tracts
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capillaries
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important for the interchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other substances between blood and tissue cells.
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arteries
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-elastic, carry blood away from heart to organs and tissues
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veins
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inelastic, carry (deoxygenated) blood from body tissues to the heart
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bicuspid valve
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separates left atrium and left ventricle
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tricuspid valve
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separates right atrium and right ventricle
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
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-pacemaker of the heart
-initiates heartbeat |
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Leukocytes
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-white blood cells
-immune cells -remove foreign chemicals |
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Erythrocytes
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-red blood cells
-consists of hemoglobin |
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Plasma
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-straw colored liquid part of blood
-solvent for dissolving and transport nutrients -90% water |
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Characteristics of blood
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-oxygen
-carbon dioxide -nutrients -regulate body temp -defend against harmful microorganisms cells and viruses |
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Chambers of the heart
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4 chambers
2 thin walled: atria 2 thick walled: ventricles |
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Process of ventilation
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-controlled by diaphragm and intercoastal muscle
-flatten diaphragm and brings closer to ribs -thoracic cavity bigger and then lungs inflate |
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Digestion
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chemical or mechanical breakdown of food into particles that individual cells of an animal can absorb
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Nutrition
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takes in, digests, absorbs, stores and uses food to meet metabolic need
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Villi
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fingerlike projections that line the length of the small intestines
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Oral cavity
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mouth, contains tougue and teeth, secretes saliva, initiates digestion
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Pharynx
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common passage way for both digestive and respiratory tracts
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esophogus
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involuntary contractions propel food into stomach
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small intestines
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-most food and digestion take place
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large intestine
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-reabsorption of water and minerals
-formation and storage of feces |
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gall bladder
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-stores geenish fluid called bile
-aids in fat digestion and absorption |
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What functions through the use of a vesicle?
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phagocytosis, lysosomes, pinocytosis, exocytosis
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Energy is given off by breaking the _____ bonds between hte phosphate groups of ATP
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covalent
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Hemoglobin
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glue in red blood cells, makes oxygen stick
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Diaphragm and intercoastal muscle
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contractions-relaxation
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Pancreas
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releases enzymes that aid in digestion
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Stomach
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-stores and mixes food received from esophogus
-starts digestion of proteins -controls rate at which food moves into small intestine |
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Liver
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-largest organ
-takes nutrients from intestine and releases them into bloodstream |
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Kidney
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-maintain water and iron balance
-remove wastes |
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Bladder
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storage for urine
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Ureter
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tube that carries urine form the kidneys to urinary bladder
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Urethra
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single tube that carries the urine out of the body
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Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients
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Micro: small ions,organic vitamins, inorganic minerals
Macro:proteins, basic to structure and function of cells |
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Lipids
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-highly compact energy storage nutrients
-2x energy than carbs |
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Proteins
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-structure and function of cells
-needed for amino acids |
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Carbohydrates
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-sugar and starch
-come from plant sources |
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Vitamins
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organic substances tha occur in many goods in small amounts
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Minerals
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come from inorganic sources
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Ovulation
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Release of egg
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Semen
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fluid that results from the combination of sperm and glandular secretions
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Fallopian Tubes
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paired tubes that receive the egg from the ovary and pass it along to the uterus
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Seminiferous Tubules
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tightly coiled tubules that produce thousands of sperm each second in healthy young men
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Scrotum
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pouch that holds the testes outside of the body
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Uterus
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hollow muscular organ, between the urunary bladder and rectum, narrows into a cervix
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Estrus Cycle
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period of sexual receptivity
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Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
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-increased diversity
-variation is foundation of evolution |
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Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
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-cannot pass exact set of genetic material
-gametes are released and not fertilized --waste of metabolic effort |
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Male and female gonads (testes and ovaries)
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testes: produce sperm
ovaries: produce egg and females hormones |
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Function of mammary glands
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modified sweat glands that produce and secrete milk
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