Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name the 2 pupillary muscles, and explain why we need each. Be sure to include their shape.
|
1. pupillary dilators - radial - let in more light
2. pupillary constrictors - sphincter - let less light in when light is bright |
|
|
Name the 2 spaces in the eye, and tell what fluid each contains.
|
1. anterior cavity - aqueous humor (watery)
2. posterior cavity - vitreous humor (jelly-like) |
|
|
What is the term for how well a person sees?
|
visual acuity
|
|
|
What does 20/20 vision mean?
|
You have average vision. You see at 20 feet what the average person sees at 20 feet.
|
|
|
What are the ssimplest receptors, dendrites of sensory (afferent) neurons?
|
free nerve endings
|
|
|
What sensations are received by free nerve endings?
|
pain, temperature, touch
|
|
|
What does a root hair plexus sense?
|
movement of a hair
|
|
|
What do Merkel discs and Meissner's corpuscles sense?
|
touch
|
|
|
What do Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini corpuscles sense?
|
pressure
|
|
|
What is the term for the skin lining the nose?
the glands? |
olfactory epithelium
olfactory glands |
|
|
temperature receptors
|
thermoreceptors
|
|
|
receptors for cell membrane distortion
|
mechanoreceptors
|
|
|
receptors for touch, pressure or vibration
|
tactile receptors
|
|
|
receptors for pressure
|
baroreceptors
|
|
|
inflammation of a gland in the eyelid
|
sty
|
|
|
Why is cornea damage so serious?
|
limited ability to repair and scars won't let light through
|
|
|
What is the unit for measuring sound intensity or volume?
|
decibels
|
|
|
What vitamin is necessary for making visual pigments?
|
vitamin A
|
|
|
vitamin A deficiency results in what condition?
|
nightblindness
|
|
|
What are the two types of photoreceptors, and what does each sense? When does each work best?
|
1. rods - black and white - dim light
2. cones - color - bright light |
|
|
What other sense affects your sense of taste?
|
smell
|
|
|
What 3 cranial verves are involved with taste?
|
glossopharyngeal, vagus, facial
|
|
|
What are the corners of the eye? How can you tell the medial and lateral corners apart?
|
canthus - medial canthus has a gland called the lacrimal caruncle
|
|
|
What is made in the lacrimal caruncle?
|
gritty stuff we call sleep
|
|
|
eyelids
|
palpebrae
|
|
|
space between eyelids
|
palpebral fissure
|
|
|
What are the four primary tastes in humans? Name 2 others.
|
sweet, sour, salty, and bitter
umami and water |
|
|
Name and describe the two main types of pain.
|
1. fast - prickling - lead to many reflexes
2. slow - burning, general area only |
|
|
Give 2 examples of proprioceptors and what they detect.
|
1. Golgi tendon organ - stretch on a tendon
2. muscle spindles - length of a muscle |
|
|
transparent covering of pupil and iris
|
cornea
|
|
|
Why can corneas be so easily transplanted?
|
no blood vessels
|
|
|
What is the visible spectrum?
|
ROY G BIV
red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet |
|
|
What type of cones create all the colors of the rainbow?
|
red, green, blue
|
|
|
What information is picked up by photoreceptors?
|
wavelengths
|
|
|
Name the 6 extrinsic eye muscles and what cranial nerve controls each.
|
superior rectus - oculomotor
inferior rectus - oculomotor medial rectus - oculomotor inferior oblique - oculomotor lateral rectus - abducens superior oblique - trochlear |
|
|
What is the term for good vision?
|
emmetropia
|
|
|
What is the term for nearsightedness? What happens?
|
Myopia - focal point is in front of the retina
|
|
|
What is the term for farsightedness? What happens?
|
hyperopia - focal point is behind the eye
|
|
|
How are near and farsightedness corrected?
|
near - divergent lens
far - convergent lens |
|
|
What is the common name for the optic disc?
|
blind spot
|
|
|
What happens at the optic nerve/disc?
|
all the axons converge - no photoreceptors
|
|
|
the region with no rods - central vision - What is meant by this term?
|
macula lutea - yellow spot
|
|
|
What is the center of the macula - sharpest vision?
|
fovea centralis
|
|
|
What is the purpose of fat around the eye?
|
padding and insulation
|
|
|
What makes olfactory stimuli different from every other type of sensory information?
|
doesn't go to the thalamus first
|
|
|
the v-shaped large papillae at the base of the tongue
|
circumvallate papillae
|
|
|
epithelium on eye - name the two parts of this
|
conjunctiva
1. palpebral conjunctiva 2. ocular conjunctiva |
|
|
inflammation of the eye epithelium - common name
|
conjunctivitis - pink eye
|
|
|
What are the two types of equilibrium, and how are they different?
|
1. dynamic - maintaining balance when moved suddenly
2. static - maintains posture when motionless |
|
|
What is the unit for measuring sound frequency? What is that equal to?
|
Hertz - cycles per second
|
|
|
hearing deficit caused by a blockage of the normal transfer of vibrations
|
conductive deafness
|
|
|
What are the 3 major parts of the ear?
|
1. external ear
2. middle ear 3. inner ear |
|
|
What makes up the external ear, and what is the function?
|
auricle or pinna
auditory canal tympanic membrane - collects sound |
|
|
What is in the middle ear, and what is the function?
|
auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)
- amplifies sound |
|
|
What makes up the inner ear, and what is the function of each?
|
cochlea - hearing
semicircular canals - balance |
|
|
What is the crossing of optic nerves called?
|
optic chiasm
|
|
|
Where is the visual cortex located?
|
occipital lobes
|
|
|
What compound is the visual pigment made from?
|
rhodopsin
|
|
|
Why does smell have so much to do with emotion and behavior?
|
extensive connection to the limbic and hypothalamic regions
|
|
|
interference with the normal circulation and reabsorption of aqueous humor that can distort the retina and optic disc - pressure inside eye increases
|
glaucoma
|
|
|
perception of pain coming from parts of the body that are not actually stimulated
|
referred pain
|
|
|
What is the classic example of referred pain?
|
heart attack felt down left arm
|
|
|
term for the bending of light
|
refraction
|
|
|
What causes light to bend?
|
moving through different types of materials with different densities
|
|
|
Through what bony structures do the olfactory axons pass?
|
cribiform plate of ethmoid - olfactory foramina
|
|
|
What changes about sound with a change in frequency?
|
pitch - how high or low the sound is
|
|
|
What is the function of the CNS in sensation?
|
interprets all incoming information
|
|
|
What are the epithelial projections that contain taste buds?
|
papillae
|
|
|
What is the advantage of sniffing over normal inhalation?
|
more air comes in contact with the olfactory receptors
|
|
|
What is the standard test for colorblindness?
|
picking numbers out of a complex set of shapes of different colors
|
|
|
a reduction in sensitivity to a stimulus
|
adaptation
|
|
|
What is the purpose of adaptation to a stimulus?
|
prevents sensory overload
|
|
|
Name the parts of the vascular tunic, and give the function of each part.
|
1. iris - colored part, controls size of pupil
2. ciliary body - positions lens 3. choroid - capillaries - provide O2 |
|
|
a loss of transparency in the lens of an eye
|
cataracts
|
|
|
What can cause cataracts
|
UV radiation, drugs, injuries, age
|
|
|
What are age-related cataracts called?
|
senile cataracts
|
|
|
sensation of body position
|
proprioception
|
|
|
sensation of smell
|
olfaction
|
|
|
sensation of taste
|
gustation
|
|
|
sensation of balance
|
equilibrium
|
|
|
sensation of pain
|
nociception
|
|
|
incoming information at receptors
|
sensations
|
|
|
conscious awareness of a sensation
|
perception
|
|
|
Give 2 places where baaroreceptors are found.
|
1. carotid artery (sinus)
2. aorta (sinus) 3. lungs 4. digestive tract 5. urinary tract |
|
|
The specific point of focus on the retina
|
focal point
|
|
|
What two major factors affect the focal point?
|
1. shape of lens
2. distance of object viewing |
|
|
an enzyme in your tears that kills bacteria
|
lysozyme
|
|
|
What are the two parts of the fibrous tunic, and how are they different?
|
1. cornea - transparent
2. sclera - opaque |
|
|
Name the three auditory ossicles in order from the tympanic membrane.
|
malleus, incus, stapes
|
|
|
What is the function of the auditory ossicles?
|
provide leverage as they strike one another to transmit sound to inner ear - amplify sound
|
|
|
What is the smallest bone in your body?
|
stapes
|
|
|
irregularities in the shape of the cornea or lens that can affect the clarity of vision
|
astigmatism
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the auditory tube?
|
equalize pressure between ear and throat
|
|
|
What are the other names for the auditory tube?
|
eustachian tube
pharyngotympanic tube |
|
|
What is a negative clinical aspect of the auditory tube?
|
can allow bacteria into the middle ear
|
|
|
What is the term for middle ear infections?
outer ear? inner ear? |
otitis media
otitis externa otitis interna |
|
|
What is produced by ceruminous glands, and what is its function?
|
cerumen (earwax)
- keeps foreign materials out, slows bacterial growth |
|
|
What 2 muscles prevent damage to ear structures during a loud sound?
|
stapedius
tensor tympani |
|
|
someone inable to distinguish colors
|
colorblind
|
|
|
What is the most common form of colorblindness?
|
red/green
|
|
|
Who gets colorblindness most often, and why?
|
men - sex-linked
|
|
|
Why can't you taste anything when your tongue is completely dry?
|
can't dissolve chemicals to taste them
|
|
|
What are the most common causes of blindness?
|
diabetes
cataracts glaucoma corneal scarring retinal detachment hereditary factors |
|
|
Why don't we notice the blind spot?
|
eyes move frequently to scan the field of view and fill in the missing information
|
|
|
What do you notice about an older person whos lens isn't changing shape to accomodate for near vision as well?
|
hold reading material farther and farther from eyes
|
|
|
Why do we make a constant stream of new mucus in the nose? 4 reasons
|
dissolve chemicals for smell
moisten filter (clean) not let smells accumulate |
|
|
What do eyes with cataracts look like?
|
cloudy, yellow
|
|
|
IHow does the lens focus light on the retina?
|
change shape - acccomodation
|
|
|
Changing the shape of the lens for near and far vision is called what?
|
accomodation
|
|
|
What happens to our ability to accomodate our vision as we age?
|
harder - less elastic - slower
|
|
|
receptors that respond to water and lipid-soluble substances dissolved in the surrounding fluid - chemicals
|
chemoreceptors
|
|
|
Give 2 examples of chemoreception.
|
smell
taste CO2 receptors pH receptors |
|
|
What is the purpose of tears?
|
clean and nourish eye
|
|
|
What pushes tears across the eyes?
|
blinking
|
|
|
Give the path of tears across the eye.
|
lacrimal glands
lacrimal ducts lacrimal puncta lacrimal canaliculi lacrimal sac nasolacrimal duct nose |
|
|
What is meant by bleaching in your eyes?
|
rhodopsin is broken down into retinal and opsin
|
|
|
What is created by eye pigment bleaching?
|
ghost images
|
