General Anatomy

Front 1

What is anatomy?

Back 1

It is the study of structures that can be seen without a microscope, microscope is for histology. It can be seen with the naked eye. It is the basis for medicine

Front 2

The two primary techniques students should use when studying anatomy!

Back 2

Observation and visualization

Front 3

Shortcut for anatomy definition

Back 3

Anatome= Up(ana) + Cutting (tome)

Front 4

Two Major types of anatomy and examples on them

Back 4

Regional: parts of the body like head, neck, abdomen, lower and upper limb.old

Systemic: systems in the body like respiratory, cardiovascular and urinary systems. New

Front 5

Other types of anatomy other than the 2 major types

Back 5

1) development anatomy (general embryology and systemic embryology)

2) Applied anatomy (clinica, where they feel pain)

3) radiological anatomy (CT, x-ray, MRI)

4) surface anatomy (without cutting the body) e.x measuring the heart rate

Front 6

Body region names

Back 6

Head and neck

Abdomen and pelvis

Lower limb

Upper limb

Thorax

Brain and spinal cord

Front 7

Name the body regions on this body

Back 7

Front 8

What are the anatomical position of the human body

Back 8

1) body is erect (person is standing)

2) face directed forward

3) limbs at the side of the body

4) legs and feet close together

5) palms directed forward

Front 9

Difference between supine and prone

Back 9

Prone is laying on the stomach supine is laying on the back

Front 10

Median plane or midsagittal plane is

Back 10

Vertical in Medline, which means it divides the into right and left equal parts.

Front 11

Coronal plane

Back 11

Vertical plane perpendicular to the median, divides the body to anterior and posterior parts, unequal.

Front 12

Horizontal (transverse)

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Perpendicular to the median and coronal plane, divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Front 13

Parasagittal plane

Back 13

Vertical, parallel to the median. Whichever side this plane is on that plane is smaller than the other side

Front 14

The four anatomical plan

Back 14

Frontal is coronal

Front 15

Difference between medial and lateral

Back 15

Medial is closer to the medial plane (middle line).

Lateral further away from the medial line.

Front 16

Difference between anterior and posterior

Back 16

Anterior ( ventral): towards the front of the body.

Posterior (dorsal): towards the back of the body.

Front 17

anterior and posterior for the hand and foot

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Anterior: palm of the hand

Posterior: knuckle side of the hand

Dorasal of the foot is the upper surface of the foot.

Plantar is the lower side of the foot.

Front 18

Superior and inferior

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Superior (cranial and cephalic) towards the head even if the body is unside down.

Inferior (caudal) towards the feet.

Front 19

Proximal and distal

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Proximal is closer to the trunk or point of origin, Distal is away from it.

Front 20

Superficial and deep

Back 20

Superficial closer to the surface and deep is further away from the body.

Front 21

External (outer) and Internal (inner):

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External (outer): means towards the surface and applies to the hollow-out structure. * Internal (inner): means towards the cavity of a hollow-out structure.

Front 22

Central and Peripheral:

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Central: means towards the center of the body. * Peripheral: means away from the center of the body.

Front 23

Ipsilateral and Contralateral :

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Ipsilateral: means of the same side of the body. * Contralateral : means of the opposite side of the body.

Front 24

Abduction and adduction

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Abduction Æ moving a part away from midline. Adduction Æ moving a part towards the midline.

Front 25

Abduction and adductionin the fingers

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Abduction of fingers & toes Æ spreading of fingers or toes apart. Adduction of fingers & toes Æ drawing or approximating fingers or toes together.

And opposition putting the thumb in the opposite way of the finger

Front 26

Circumduction

Back 26

the combination in sequence of movements of flexion, abduction, extension & adduction.

Front 27

Medial rotation and Lateral rotation

Back 27

Medial rotation Æ brings anterior surface to face medially Lateral rotation Æ brings anterior surface to face laterally

Front 28

Protraction and retraction

Back 28

Front 29

Inversion and eversion

Back 29

Front 30

Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Back 30

Front 31

The five body cavities

Back 31

1) cranial cavity; inside the skull, contains the brain.

2) vertebral cavity; in the vertebral, contains the spinal cord.

3) thoracic cavity; contains the heart inside the pericardial cavity and the lungs inside the pleural cavity.

4) abdominal cavity, contains organs such as the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract organs.

5) pelvic cavity; contains urinary bladder, rectum, (uterus and ovaries), in females.

Front 32

What's the skeleton made of

Back 32

@ It comprises cartilages, bones, ligaments & joints.

@ The bones are rigid and heavier than cartilages.

@ Cartilages are more flexible and lighter.

@ The younger the age, the greater is the contribution of cartilage to the skeleton.

Front 33

Two divisions of skeleton

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1) Endo skeleton; a) axiapl skeleton

B) the appendicular skeleton

2) exo skeleton nails and enamel of teeth

Front 34

What are bones made of

Back 34

Hard type of connective tissue( hardness due to calcium)

Front 35

What are bones composed of

Back 35

1) living osteocytes cells.

2) intercellular collagenous matrix( organic compounds).

3) Cement substance and mineral salts (inorganic component).

Front 36

Regional classification of bones

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1) axial skeleton; the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum.

2) appendicular skeleton (upper & lower limbs) & their girdles (shoulder & pelvic).

Front 37

What's the basic structure of the skull

Back 37

1) cranium, which contains the brain and meninges and the mandible

Front 38

Basic structure of the ribs, sternum and vertebral column

Back 38

12 ribs and and 12 sternum cartilages.

The vertebral column made up of 33;

7 cervical (neck)

12 thoracic (thorax)

5 lumbar abdomen

5 sacral

4 coccygeal

@ The vertebral column: 1. Forms the axial skeleton of the body. 2. Supports the weight of the body. 3. Protects & surrounds the spinal cord

Front 39

Types of curves of the vertebral column

Back 39

1) primary curve The vertebral column is concave anteriorly at birth.

2) the secondary curve; (a) The cervical curve: becomes convex anteriorly when the child extends his head at the 3rd - 4th month. (b) The lumbar curve: becomes convex anteriorly when the child begins to walk between 12-18 months due to strengthening of the muscles of the back.

Front 40

Appendicular skeleton

Back 40

The skeleton of the upper limb resembles that of the lower limb; each consists of 3 segments: 1. Proximal segment: formed of one bone. Arm and thigh 2. Intermediate segment: formed of 2 bones. Forearm and leg 3. Distal segment: formed of 3 regions. Hand and foot

Front 41

Names of the Upper limb and lower limb

Back 41

@ Bones of Upper limb: 1. Shoulder (Pectoral) girdle: Clavicle & Scapula. 2. Upper arm: Humerus. 3. Forearm: Ulna (medially) & Radius (laterally). 4. Hand: Formed of 3 regions (from proximal to distal); Carpus , Metacarpus & phalanges.

@ Bones of Lower limb: 1. Pelvic girdle: Hip bone. 2. Thigh: Femur. 3. Leg: Tibia medially & Fibula laterally. 4. Foot: Formed of 3 regions (from proximal to distal); Tarsus, Metatarsus & Phalanges.

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Functions of bones:

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1. Supporting framework of the body. 2. Attachment of muscles. 3. Act as Biomechanical levers for movements. 4. Protection of underlying organs. 5. Storehouses for Ca, P & Mg (mineral reservoir). 6. Synthesis of RBCs within the red bone marrow (in ends of long bones, sternum, ribs & vertebrae). 7. Transmission of body weight.

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Morphological (Anatomical) classification according to shape of bone:

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1. Long bones: have 2 ends & a shaft as bones of proximal & intermediate segments of the limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia & fibula). 2. Short bones: as carpal & tarsal bones. These bones are strong & help in limited movements.

3. Flat bones: as scapula, sternum & skull cap. These have wide surface for muscle attachment or protection.

4. Irregular bones: as vertebrae & facial bones.

5. Pneumatic bones: contain air-filled spaces lined with mucous membrane (paranasal sinuses) in skull bones (maxilla & frontal bones) to reduce the weight of skull, help in resonance of voice & warm air.

6. Sesamoid bone: are small nodules of bone found in the tendons of certain muscles to reduce friction over bony surfaces. e.g. patella & pisiform bones

Front 44

Parts of a growing long bone:

Back 44

1. 2 ends called epiphysis. 2. A shaft called diaphysis. 3. Epiphyseal plate of cartilage between the diaphysis & epiphysis. This is the most important factor for the growth of bone in length. 4. The part of the shaft close to the plate is called metaphysis.

Front 45

@ The Periosteum:

Back 45

***This is a fibrous strong membrane which covers the shaft of the bone. ** It consists of an outer fibrous layer & inner (deeper) cellular layer (osteogenic). ***It has the following functions: 1. Protection of the bone. 2. Provides muscular attachment. 3. Carry blood supply & sensory nerves to the bone. 4. Has an osteogenic power (bone forming ability) which plays an important role in the growth of bone in width & the healing of bones after fractures. ** Note that the bone grows in length by epiphyseal plate of cartilage & in thickness (breadth) by the periosteum.

Front 46

Histological classification according to structure of bone:

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1.Compact (Ivory) bone: Outer hard layer in outer surface of shaft of long bones. 2. Spongy (Cancellous) bone: Has pores & consists of irregular trabeculae that form a spongy network such as in sternum.

Front 47

Developmental classification according to ossification of bone:

Back 47

This means the transformation of the mesodermal tissue into bone. It has 2 types:1. Intracartilagenous (endochondral) ossification (Cartilagenous bone):@ In most of long bones, vertebral column & thoracic cage.@ Early in the intrauterine life (6-8 weeks), a 1ry center of ossification appears in the shaft, where calcification spreads (cartilage model) to help the ossification (bone formation).

@ After birth, 2ry centers of ossification appear at the 2 ends of the bone. The shaft & the 2 ends became completely ossified but still separated by a plate of cartilage (epiphyseal plate) to help the growth of bone in length.@ Finally the bone become ossified at certain age (15-22 years) (in females it is earlier by 1-2 years). This is called synostosis.

2. Intramembranous or mesenchymal ossification (membranous bone): @ In flat bones (as skull cap or vault of skull & scapula), facial bones & clavicle (except its ends). * N.B.: Clavicle, although, it is a long bone; a. It is ossified from a membrane. b. It has no medullary cavity. c. It is first bone to begin ossification (5-6th week of I.U.L.). @ Centre of ossification develops at the mesenchymal tissue then transformed into bone without cartilage formation.

Front 48

Bone marrow

Back 48

It occupies the medullary (marrow) cavity of long bones & the cancellous bones in flat, short & irregular bones. @ 2 types: Red type (blood forming or hematopoietic) & Yellow type. @ With aging, the red marrow decreases & the yellow marrow replaces it. @ In adults, the red marrow is restricted to the bones of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, girdle bones & the head of the humerus & the femur.

Front 49

Arterial blood supply of bone:

Back 49

Arterial blood supply of bone: 1. Periosteal arteries. 2. Metaphyseal & epiphyseal arteries. 3. Nutrient artery: A large blood vessel which enters the shaft of the bone near its middle through a nutrient foramen. It enters the bone perpendicular to the surface. As the bone elongates unequally from both ends, the artery becomes deflected away from the growing end. *** The final direction of the nutrient artery of a limb bone is summarized by the following rule (to the elbow I go, from the knee I flee). *** The growing end of the bone is opposite the direction of the nutrient artery.

Front 50

Cartilages

Back 50

Avascular dense flexible connective tissue. @ It is formed of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) & gel- like matrix which is responsible for its firmness & resilience). @ Perichondrium is a fibrous membrane that covers the cartilage. @ According to nature of the matrix, there are 3 types of cartilages.

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3 types of cartilages

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1. Hyaline cartilage

Has a high content of homogenous & transparent matrix. @ Sites: 1. Foetal bones. 2. Articular cartilages of synovial joints. 3. Costal cartilages of ribs. 4. Epiphyseal plates of long bones. 5. Cartilages of respiratory passages eg. Trachea.

2)2. White fibrocartilage

@ The matrix is little & rich in collagenous bundles which add strength & durability to this cartilage. @ Sites: 1. Symphysis pubis & Intervertebral discs. 2. Labrum of some synovial joints (Hip & Shoulder). 3. Discs within joints (temporo-mandibular, sterno- clavicular & knee joints).

3-Yellow elastic cartilage@ The matrix is rich in elastic fibers which provide flexibility to this form of cartilage. @ Sites: Auricle of ear, Tip of nose & epiglottis.

Front 52

Functions of cartilage

Back 52

1. It helps in maintaining patency of the respiratory passages. 2. It shares in the formation of the skeleton of the body. 3. It forms smooth firm articular surface of joints.