Gene Regulation

Front 1

organism that needs tryptophan

Back 1

E. coli

Front 2

2 ways to regulate genes

Back 2

control enzymes
adjust activity of enzymes

Front 3

who discovered operons?

Back 3

Jacob & Monod

Front 4

genes that code for all enzymes needed to perform a specific function

Back 4

transcriptional unit

Front 5

making trp is a ___ process

Back 5

anabolic

Front 6

if there's enough of a certain substance, the enzyme is blocked from making it.

Back 6

feedback inhibition

Front 7

intermediate products

Back 7

metabolites

Front 8

"switch" that can turn genes on and off

Back 8

operator

Front 9

where is the operator located?

Back 9

between promoter and structural genes

Front 10

place where RNA polymerase binds to DNA

Back 10

promoter

Front 11

3 parts of operon

Back 11

promoter, operator, structural genes (transcriptional unit)

Front 12

in trp system, operator is turned ___ by default

Back 12

ON

Front 13

when is the trp operator turned off?

Back 13

when a repressor protein binds to it

Front 14

gene that codes for repressor protein

Back 14

regulatory gene

Front 15

changes shape

Back 15

allosteric

Front 16

____ has an active and inactive form

Back 16

repressor protein

Front 17

trp repressor protein is made in the ___ form

Back 17

inactive

Front 18

when trp is present, it binds to the repressor protein, turning it to the ____form

Back 18

active

Front 19

if the trp repressor is active, is the gene on or off>?

Back 19

off

Front 20

tryptophan functions as a ___

Back 20

corepressor

Front 21

an operon that is turned OFF when a small molecule binds to a repressor protein.

Back 21

repressible operon

Front 22

an operon that is turned ON when a small molecule binds to a repressor protein

Back 22

inducible operon

Front 23

what does the lac operon do?

Back 23

make enzymes to digest lactose

Front 24

lac repressor is made in the ____ form

Back 24

active

Front 25

lac operon is a ____ pathway

Back 25

catabolic

Front 26

operons are switched off by the ___ form of the repressor proteins

Back 26

active

Front 27

more user friendly than lactose..

Back 27

glucose

Front 28

native form of CAP is ___

Back 28

inactive

Front 29

when cAMP binds to CAP, it becomes ___ form

Back 29

active

Front 30

if glucose levels are high, cAMP levels are __

Back 30

low

Front 31

if glucose is present, cAMP levels are __.
CAP stays inactive so (little/lots) of lac enzymes are made

Back 31

low
little

Front 32

in which (out of the 4) situation is the lac operon turned on?

Back 32

lactose but no glucose

Front 33

expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

Back 33

differential gene expression

Front 34

1st level of eukaryotic gene regulation

Back 34

chromatin modification

Front 35

3 modifications that can be done to histones. transcription up or down?

Back 35

acetylation - up
methylation - down
phosphorylation (w/ methylation) - up

Front 36

DNA that is ____ is generally more methylated

Back 36

inactive/ not expressed

Front 37

which base is usually methylated in DNA?

Back 37

cytosine

Front 38

used for the long-term inactivation of genes

Back 38

DNA methylation

Front 39

methylation permanently regulates expression of either the maternal or paternal allele

Back 39

genomic imprinting

Front 40

inheritance of traits not directly involving the nucleotide sequence

Back 40

epigenetic inheritance

Front 41

2nd level of eukaryotic gene regulation

Back 41

transcription initiation

Front 42

segements of noncoding DNA that serve as protein binding sites

Back 42

control elements

Front 43

transcription factors that are used for transcription of ALL protein-coding genes

Back 43

general transcription factors

Front 44

transcription factors that land on control elements

Back 44

specific transcription factors

Front 45

transcription factors are ____ (macromolecule)

Back 45

proteins

Front 46

control elements near promoter

Back 46

proximal control elements

Front 47

control elements far away from promoter

Back 47

distal control elements

Front 48

groups of distal control elements

Back 48

enhancers

Front 49

control elements are ___

Back 49

strips of DNA

Front 50

transcription factors can be either ___ or ____

Back 50

activators or repressors

Front 51

part of a protein's 3D structure that serves a specific purpose

Back 51

domain

Front 52

___ bring activators closer to the promoter

Back 52

mediator proteins

Front 53

what can bend the DNA?

Back 53

DNA-bending protein

Front 54

protein made by liver

Back 54

albumin

Front 55

protein made by lens of eye

Back 55

crystallin

Front 56

place where loops of chromosomes overlap and interact

Back 56

transcription factory

Front 57

different mRNA molecules made from same primary transcript

Back 57

alternative RNA splicing

Front 58

cells that make antibodies

Back 58

B lymphocytes

Front 59

cells that actually change their DNA...cut out sections

Back 59

B & T lymphocytes

Front 60

shape of antibody

Back 60

Y

Front 61

on a protein diagram, what does an arrow represent?

Back 61

beta pleated sheet

Front 62

on a protein diagram, what does a cylinder represent?

Back 62

alpha helix

Front 63

deletion in Dad's chromosome #15 causes..

Back 63

Prader-Willi

Front 64

deletion in Mom's chromosome #15 causes..

Back 64

Angelman's

Front 65

gene for ___ : mom's expressed, dad's silenced

Back 65

ubiquitin

Front 66

if mom's gene for ___ is deleted or silenced by methylation, causes ____

Back 66

ubiquitin
Angelman's

Front 67

if dad's gene for ___ is deleted or silenced by methylation, causes ____

Back 67

SNRPN
Prader-Willi

Front 68

gene for ____: dad's expressed, mom's silenced

Back 68

SNRPN

Front 69

disorder with only one X chromosome

Back 69

Turner syndrome

Front 70

if X comes from mom, ___

Back 70

higher degree of survivability

Front 71

if X comes from dad, ____

Back 71

higher people skills