Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What do sex differences influence? |
How people are disposed to behave in work settings |
|
|
What do gender differences influence? |
How people react to others' behaviour in work settings |
|
|
Define gender stereotypes |
Represent beliefs about the psychological traits that are characteristic of members of each sex |
|
|
Masculine traits depict... |
independence aggressiveness dominance |
|
|
Feminine traits depict... |
gentleness sensitivity tactfulness |
|
|
Define gender roles |
Represent beliefs about the behaviours that are appropriate for members of each sex |
|
|
Define vote counting technique of researching sex differences |
Simply tallying the number of studies on a given topic that found significant differences favouring females, significant differences favouring males,or no significant sex differences and then reaching conclusions based on the 'vote' |
|
|
Define meta-analysis technique of researching sex differences |
Uses sophisticated quantitative methods to synthesize statistical evidence from numerous studies |
|
|
When do sex differences generally emerge? |
At two years old, primarily through toy preferences |
|
|
Define emphatic masculinity |
placing emphasis on masculine qualities e.g. GI Joe |
|
|
Define emphatic femininity |
placing emphasis on feminine qualities e.g. Barbie |
|
|
Describe sex differences in terms of the 'digital divide' |
- Girls are less comfortable using computers and suffer greater computer anxiety - Girls are more likely to view computers as a way to accomplish tasks (writing papers and communicating with friends) - Boys are more likely to view computers as a way to achieve mastery (scoring high in video games) |
|
|
In western cultures, what is the difference in terms of chores when children reach adolescence? |
- Boys perform tasks outside the home for which they get paid for - Girls perform tasks inside the home for which they do not get paid for - Overall, girls show more interest in activities associated with boys than vice versa (boys are negatively associated liking girls activities and are seen as 'sissies', girls are tomboys) |
|
|
3 types of social behaviour commonly associated with with sex differences in adults |
Aggression Altruism Nonverbal communications |
|
|
Aggression |
behaviour that is intended to hurt someone else, may be physical, verbal, or indirect |
|
|
Altruism |
behaviour that is intended to help someone else |
|
|
How do men and women behave in altruism? |
- Men offer heroic or chivalrous help in areas where they feel more competent - Women offer nurturant or caring help in areas where they feel most competent |
|
|
Nonverbal communication skills |
The ability to express oneself accurately using the face, body, and voice; to assess the meaning of non-verbal cues from others; and to recall having met or seen people Females have higher skills than do males in all three areas, because they tend to have lower status in organizations and society |
|
|
In gender stereotype research... |
masculine is depicted as competent feminine is depicted as warm |
|
|
Why do gender stereotypes appear to remain stable over time? |
- Stereotypes of all kinds tend to be durable - People like to categorize themselves and others into groups along primary and secondary dimensions of diversity and then identify ways in which their own group is better than and different from other groups - When these beliefs act as self-fulfilling prophecies, there is little reason for them to change - Stereotypes of women possessing masculine traits are dynamic as a result of considerable change in their societal roles over time - Stereotypes of men, who have exhibited less change in their societal roles over time, may be more static |
|
|
Where do boys and girls tend to learn stereotypes from? |
Parents Teachers Other adults Media |
|
|
Gender Identity |
Refers to beliefs about the extent to which one possesses masculine traits and the extent to which one possesses feminine traits Refers to beliefs about oneself in social relationships |
|
|
Four quadrants classification scheme for gender identity |
androgynous (high in masculinity and femininity) masculine (high in masculinity, low in femininity) feminine (high in femininity, low in masculinity) undifferentiated (low in masculinity and femininity) |
|
|
Interdependent self-construal |
People who are classified as feminine are more likely to display interdependent self-construal: who are important in their lives are included in their representations of themselves |
|
|
Independent self-construal |
People who are classified as masculine are more likely to display an independent self-construal; in which others are seen as separate and distinct from themselves |
|
|
Psychological androgyny |
Representing high amounts of both masculinity and femininity Associated with higher self-esteem, a more flexible response to situations that seemed to call for either feminine or masculine behaviours, and a host of other positive factors The androgynous individual, whose self-image and behaviour are less narrowly restricted, are seen as more ready to meet the complex demands of society |
|
|
Sexism |
Prejudice displayed toward members of one sex |
|
|
Two types of sexism |
Hostile sexism Benevolent sexism |
|
|
Hostile sexism |
Antagonism toward women/men who are viewed as challenging or usurping men's/women's power |
|
|
Benevolent sexism |
Puts women on pedestals Implies that women are weak and best suited to conventional feminine roles, and offers protection, affection, and rewards to women who endorce these roles |
|
|
In terms of hostile vs. benevolent sexism... |
men score higher in hostile sexism women accepted benevolent sexism |
|
|
Old-fashioned sexism |
Similar to hostile sexism. Blatent. Associated with endorsement of traditional gender roles in the workplace, differential treatment of women and men, and endorsement of laws and societal norms that promote adherence to gender roles |
|
|
Modern sexism |
Associated with denial of the existence of sex discrimination, antagonism toward women's demands that alleged sex discrimination be discontinued, and lack of support for programs designed to help women in the workplace |
|
|
Old-fashioned racism |
Entails overt expressions of hostility and antagonism |
|
|
Modern racism |
Also called aversive or symbolic racism Endorse racial equality and avoid obvious acts of discrimination to maintain their self-images as fair and just individuals. However, they still harbour unconscious negative feelings and beliefs about low-status racial groups |
