Gender, Race And Ethnicity

Front 1

1. What is affirmative action?

Back 1

Refers to a body of policies and procedures designed to eliminate employment discrimination against women and ethnic minorities

Front 2

2. What kinds of organizations must abide by affirmative action laws?

Back 2

Federal agencies and anyone who receives federal funding

Front 3

3. What is the public’s attitude toward affirmative action?

Back 3

Public opinion polls suggest that the majority of Americans support affirmative action, especially when the polls avoid an all-or-none choice between affirmative action as it currently exists and no affirmative action whatsoever

Front 4

4. Does affirmative action undermine the self-esteem of women and minorities?

Back 4

A 1995 Gallup poll asked employed Blacks and employed White women whether they had ever felt others questioned their abilities because of affirmative action; Nearly 90% of respondents said no

Front 5

5. What are the different preferential selection categories (e.g., selection among equally qualified candidates)?

Back 5

Selection among equally qualified candidates;
Selection among comparable candidates;
Selection among unequal candidates;
Selection among qualified and unqualified candidates

Front 6

6. What are the arguments offered by opponents of affirmative action?

Back 6

• It is neither lawful nor morally right
• Affirmative action policies reinforce the stereotype
• Preferences perpetuate the stereotype
• At many schools, "diversity" efforts includes programs that encourage separatism

Front 7

7. What is institutional discrimination?

Back 7

When a governmental or social institution has policies that inherently discriminate

Front 8

8. What is social distance?

Back 8

How comfortable you feel being socially close to a perceived “out group”

Front 9

9. What is the Bogardus social distance scale?

Back 9

A series of questions meant to measure your comfortable social distance

Front 10

10. What is status inconsistency?

Back 10

Ann is a Mexican-American judge, and when she wears her workout clothes to the courthouse, some people mistake her for the cleaning staff. She then has to decide whether or not to correct them, which can be stressful. This demonstrates status inconsistancy

Front 11

11. What is cognitive dissonance? How is it related to the reduction of prejudice?

Back 11

Cognitive dissonance is when policy changes to diminish prejudice, so people must conform their behavior to this policy and they therefore change their attitude to match their behavior so they are comfortable. This means change of policy can reduce prejudice.

Front 12

12. What is environmental justice?

Back 12

When the underprivileged or out-groups are subject to negative environmental factors because they don’t have the power to speak out against it (ex. the military disproportionately keeps stockpiles of biological weapons in poor neighborhoods)

Front 13

13. How are Black patients treated relative to White patients in the health care system?

Back 13

Doctors tend to offer more sophisticated, expensive treatments to white patients

Front 14

14. What is some evidence for discrimination in the criminal justice system?

Back 14

Disproportionate arrests, police brutality (e.g., Amadou Diallo), jury verdicts and sentencing, racial profiling

Front 15

16. What is racial profiling?

Back 15

Apprehending someone for criminal behavior based on their race

Front 16

17. What are some examples of the racial messages sent by the print media?

Back 16

The OJ cover of Newsweek, Advertisers

Front 17

21. What is a social stigma?

Back 17

Marks the individual as tainted, experience of being socially discredited or flawed; depends on the situation, can reduce people to a stereotype

Front 18

22. What is a courtesy stigma?

Back 18

Matt doesn’t want to hang out with his obese friend Steve because he doesn’t want people to have negative feelings toward him. Stigma by association?

Front 19

23. What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?

Back 19

Marina thinks that people who work at Burger King are rude, and thus orders quickly and does not smile when placing her order. As a result, the person taking her order looks away and does not smile at Marina. Marina thinks, “wow, this person is so rude!” Your behavior creates the attitude you expect

Front 20

24. What landmark study first examined the self-fulfilling prophecy?

Back 20

Summary of Rosenthal & Jacobson’s (1968) study:
They gave intelligence test to students, randomly assigned some to be “bloomers,” retested later and found that the “bloomers” actually did excel (due to teacher’s increased expectations – self-fulfilling prophecy)?

Front 21

25. What is attributional ambiguity?

Back 21

Abby gets an unfavorable performance evaluation from her boss, Henry, who is known to be a hostile sexist. She does not know whether the performance evaluation actually reflects her poor job performance or Henry’s prejudice. When a member of a stigmatized group receives negative feedback and is unsure if the negative treatment is attributed to the group membership

Front 22

26. What is discounting?

Back 22

Discounting is the tendency to attach less importance to one potential cause of some behavior (ex. Jeanine’s neighbor is unfriendly to her, avoiding eye contact and refusing to smile at her. Jeanine knows that her neighbor is prejudiced against Mormons, and Jeanine is Mormon. Jeanine concludes that her neighbor does not personally dislike her, so her self-esteem remains intact);

Front 23

What is augmenting?

Back 23

augmenting is the tendency to attach greater important to a potential cause of behavior (ex. Bonnie receives a glowing letter of recommendation from her professor, who she knows is prejudiced against women. Bonnie thus feels very good about herself)

Front 24

27. What is stereotype threat?

Back 24

The individual is aware that he/she is being judged stereotypically and therefore he/she might behave in ways that will confirm the negative stereotype; results in impaired ability.
(Ex. In a study, male and female participants are given a test and half are told that it measures science aptitude, whereas half are told that it is a lab exercise. The female participants who are told that the test measures science aptitude score lower than the male participants, whereas the female participants told that it is a lab exercise score the same as the male participants.)

Front 25

32. What are metastereotypes?

Back 25

When people have a stereotype about other people’s stereotype in regards to them. (Ex. Tom, who is gay, thinks that heterosexuals think that all gay men are promiscuous.)