Gender Mid Term 1

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behaviorism

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the school of psy that emphasizes the importance of observable behavior as the subject matter of psy and discounts the utility of unobservable mental events

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essentialist view

Back 2

the view that gender diff are biologically determined

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functionalism

Back 3

a school of psyc arising in the us in 1800s that attemped to understand how the mind functions. they held a practical, applied orientation, including an interest in mental abilites and in gender diff in those abilities

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gender

Back 4

the term used by some researchers to descvribe the traits and behaciors that are regarded by the culture as appropriate to men and women

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maximalist view

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the view that many important diff exist between sexes

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minimalist view

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the view that few important diff exist between sexes

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sex differences

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the term used by some researchers (and considered to be inclusive by others) to describe the diff btwn male and female research participants

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structuralist

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a school psyc arising in europe in 1880s that attempted to understand the workings of the conscious mind by dividing the mind into componets parts and analyzing the stucture of the mind

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androgen insensitiveity syndrome

Back 9

a disorder in which body cells are unable to respond to androgens, resulting in the feminization of C males

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androgens

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a class of hormones that includes testosterone and other steroid hormones. men typically produce a greater proportion of androgens then estrogens.

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congenital andrenal hyperplasia

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a disorder that results in masculinization, producing premature puberty in boys and masculinization of the external genitalia in girls; also alled adrenogenital syndrome

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endrocine glands

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glands that secrete hormones into the circulatory systems

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estradiol

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the most common of the estrogen hormones

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estrogens

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a class of hormones that includes estradiol and otehr steriod hormones. women typically produce a greater proportion of estrogens than androgens.

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external genitalia

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the reproductive structures that can be seen without internal examination:clitorus, labia, and vaginal opening in women and penis and scrotum in men

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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the gonadotropic hormone that stimulates developement of gonads during puberty and developement of ova during the years of women's fertility.

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gonads

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reproductive organs

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hermaphroditism

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a disorder in which individuals have characteristics of both sexs.

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hormones

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chemical substances released from endrocrine glands that circulate throughout the body and affect target organs that have receptors sensitive to the specific hormones.

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internal genitalia

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the internal reproductive organs consisting of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina in a women, and testes, seminal vesicles, vas deferens and prostate gland in men

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intersexuality

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a more modern term for hermaphroditism

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klinefelter syndrome

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the disorder that occurs when a C male has an extra X C resulting in XXY. pattern of C pair 23 . These individuals have the appearance of males, including external genitalia, but they may also develop breasts and a feminized body shape. their testes are not capable of producing sperm so they are sterile.

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lateralization

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the concept that the two cerebral hemispheres are nto fuctionally equal but rather that each hemisphere has different purposes.

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

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the gonadotropic hormone that prompts sexual development durin puberty and also causes a maturing ovum to be releaseed

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menarche

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the first menstruation

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Mullerian system

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a system of ducts occurring in both male and female embryos that forms the basis for the development of the female internal reproductive system -ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina.

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pituitary gland

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an endocrine gland within the brain that produces tropic hormones that stimulate other glands to produce yet other hormones

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progestins

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a group of steroid hormones that prepares the female body for pregnacy; their function for the male body is unknown

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releasing hormones

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hormones produced by the hypothalamus that act on the pituitary gland to release tropic hormones.

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sexual dimorphism

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the existence of two sexes -male and female

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sexually dimorpohic nucleus (SDN)

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a brain structure in the hypothalamus near the optic chiasm that is larger in male than female

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spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus

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a colelction of neurons in the lower spinal cord that controls muscles at the base of the penis

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steroid hormones

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hormones related to sexual dimorphism and sexual reproductive that are derived from cholesterol and consist of a structure that includes four carbon rings

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testosterone

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the most common of the androgen hormones

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tropic hormones

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hormones produced by the pituitary gland that influence the release of other hormones by other glands such as gonads

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turner syndrome

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disorder that occurs when somone only has one C of pair 23 the X appear female no puberty

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wolffian system

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a system of ducts occurring in both m and f embryos that forms the basis for the develpment of themale internal reproductive system-testes seminal vesicles and vas deferens.

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x C
Y C

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xx female
xy male

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castration complex

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in freudian theory, the unconsious fear that the father will castrate his son as a punishment for the son's sexual longings for his mother

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gender constancy

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the knowledge that gender is permanent and will not change with supeficial alterations

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gender identity

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individual indentification fo self as female or male

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gender labeling

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the ability to label self and otehrs as male or female

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gender role

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a set of socially significant activites associated with being male or female!

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instincts

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in freudian theory, the drives or impulses that underlie action, thought and other aspects of personality functioning, which include the life or sexual, instinct and the death or aggressive instinct

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masochism

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feeligns of pleasure as a result of painful or humiliating experiences

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oedipus complex

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freudian theory, the situation that exists under the phallic stage in which the child feels unconscious hostility toward the same sex parent and unconscious sexual feelings for the opposite sex parent. freud used the story of oedipus as an analogy for the family dynamics that occur during the phallic stage of personality developement.

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unconscious

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in freudian theory a region of the mind functioning beyond a person's conscious awareness

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schema

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an internal cognitive structure that organizes information and guides perception

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reinforcement

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any stimulus that increases the probalitiy that a behavior will be repeated

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punishment

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any stimulus that decreases the probability that a behavior will be repeated

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psychosexual stages

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in freudian theory the series of stages ranging from birth to maturity through which the individuals personality develops. these stages are the oral anal phallic latency and genital stages

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pre oedipal period

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time during early childhood before the phallic stage and the Oedipus complex. Some feminist psychoanalytic theorist includeing Chodorow, have emphasized the importance of this period for personality development

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operant conditioning

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a type of learning based on the administration of reinforcement or punishment REceiveing reinforcement links the reinforcement with the behavior that proceded it making the behavior more likely to be repeated.

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gender idenity disorder

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a disorder that occurs when a child rejects the gender role that corresponds to biological sex and adopts cross-gender behaviors and possibly a cross-gender idenity

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synthesized realism

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a mixture of actual information with phony details into a realistic portrayal that is really fiction

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transsexual

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an individual who recieves hormonal and surgical treatment to be changed to the other sex