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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define sex |
The biological differences between males and females including chromosomes, hormones and anatomy |
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Define gender |
The psychological and cultural differences between males and females including attitudes, behaviours and social roles |
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Define sex-role stereotype |
A set of beliefs and preconceived ideas about what is expected or appropriate for males and females in a given society |
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Define androgogyny |
Displaying a balance of masculine and feminine characteristics in one's personality |
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What was the first systematic attempt to measure androgyny? |
Bem Sex Role Inventory |
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Across which dimension did the Bem Sex Role Inventory measure androgyny? |
Masculinity-femininity and androgynous-undifferentiated |
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How was the BSRI developed? |
50 male and 50 female judges asked to rate 200 traits on how desirable they were for men and women - traits that were highest scorers became traits on scale. Then piloted with 1000 students |
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A follow-up to BSRI that revealed similar scores when tested a month later, suggests the BSRI has a high what? |
test-retest reliability |
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Who suggested people who display greater level of masculine traits are better adjusted as these are more highly valued in western society? |
Adams and Sherer (1985) |
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Which gene on the y chromosome determines sex? |
sex-determing region y (SRY) |
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What are male sex hormones called? |
androgens |
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When does testosterone begin to be developed? |
8 weeks of foetal development |
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Who injected female rats with testosterone? |
Nannne Van de Poll et al (1988) |
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Which stress hormone does Oxycontin reduce? |
cortisol |
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Who found that prisoners with highest T levels were most likely to have committed violent/sexually motivated crimes? |
Dabbs et al (1995) |
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What is Klinefelter's syndrome? |
Affects males - genotype has an extra X chromosome, characterised by tall thin physique, small infertile testes and enlarged breasts. |
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What is Turner's syndrome? |
Affects women - have only one X chromosome causing developmental abnormalities and infertility. |
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How many people have Klinefelters? |
1 in 500 - 1 in 1000 |
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How often is Klinefelter's identified prenatally? |
10% |
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How many with klinefelter's are unaware they have it? |
2/3rds |
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Breast development in Klinefelter males is called what? |
gynecomastia |
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Describe the psychological characteristics of klinefelters |
Poorly developed language skills, passive, shy and lack interest in sexual activity, don't respond well to stressful situations and have problems with 'executive fnctions' |
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How many have Turners? |
1 in 5000 |
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What is it called when women with Turners have no menstrual cycle? |
amenorrhoea |
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What are the psychological characteristics of Turners? |
Higher than average reading ability, spatial, visual memory and math skills lower than normal. Socially immature, trouble relating and fitting in with peers. |
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Which study found that those diagnosed with Klinefelter's at young age had significant benefits compared to those diagnosed in adulthood? |
Herlihy et al (2011) |
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What are Kohlberg's 3 stages of gender development? |
Gender identity, gender stability and gender constancy |
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What is the gender identity stage? |
2 years - child recognises they are a boy/girl and can label others too |
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What is the gender stability stage? |
4 years - understands their own gender is fixed |
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What is gender constancy stage? |
6-7 years, realises gender is consistent over time and situations, begin to identify with own gender and behave in gender-appropriate ways |
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Who found that children in constancy stage spend longer looking at same-sex model than younger children who spent roughly equal time looking at both? |
Slaby and Frey (1975) |
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Define gender schema |
Organised set of beliefs and expectations related to gender that are derived from experience. Guide's understanding of own gender and gender-appropriate behaviour in general. |
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Who devised the gender schema theory? |
Martin and Halverson |
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When does gender schema theory suggest gender identity has developed and active searching for evidence begins? |
2-3 years |
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Who found that children under 6 were more likely to remember gender-consistent behavior photographs than non-gender behaviour consistent? |
Martin and Halverson (1983) |
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According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, when does gender development occur? |
3rd stage - phallic stage, 3-6 years |
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Who found that boys with more liberal fathers tend to be more secure in their masculine identity? |
Blakemore and Hill (2008) |
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Who found children raised by same-sex/transgender parents, nearly all developed a 'typical' gender identity? |
Richard Green (1978) |
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According to SLT, through what does a child learn their gender identity? |
differential reinforcement |
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What are the 4 mediational processes in gender according to SLT? |
Attention, retention, motivation and motor reproduction |
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Who dresses 4-6 month olds, half the time in boys, and half the time in girls clothes, to see how adults would treat them based on their perceived gender? |
Smith and Lloyd (1978) |
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Who carried out a cross-cultural study of gender roles in New Guinea? |
Mead (1935) |
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In which Mead (1935) tribe were women dominant and men passive and considered 'decorative'? |
Tchambuli |
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Which study revealed that in most societies males are the breadwinners and females the nurturers? |
Munroe and Munroe (1975) |
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Who found that men were often shown in autonomous professional context, whereas women were shown in domestic setting, in media? |
Furnham and Farragher(2000) |
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Who found that children who have more exposure to popular media displayed more gender-stereoypical views in behaviour and attitudes? |
McGhee and Freuh (1980) |
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What is imposed etic? |
Western ways of research may be largely meaningless when transferred to other cultures. |
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In which study were children never exposed to media, directly compared to those who had been? |
Notel study |
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What does brain sex theory state about GID? |
Caused by specific brain structures incompatible with biological sex. |
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What is it called when certain brain structures take different form in males and females? |
Dimorphic |
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Who found that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is a similar size to typical female brains in male-to-female individuals? |
Zhou et al (1995) |
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How much bigger is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in males? |
40% |
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Which Zhou (1995) follow-up study found that not only is there a similar volume in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, but also a similar neuron number? |
Kruijver et al (2000) |
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Who assessed 157 twin pairs for GID? |
Coolidge et al (2002) |
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What did Coolidge et al (2002) find the prevalence rate of GID to be? |
2.3%, with 62% of cases to be accounted for by genetic variance |
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Which study found concordance rates of 39% for MIZ twins for GID, but 0 for DZ twins? |
Heylens et al (2012) |
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What did Ovesey and Person (1973) argue the cause for GID in males was? (Psychoanalytic) |
Child experiences extreme separation anxiety before gender identity established, child fantasises of symbiotic fusion with mother to relieve anxiety and danger of separation removed = child becomes the mother and so adopts female gender identity. |
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Which study found that female trans displayed overly close mother-son relationships? |
Stoller (1973) |
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What is Liben and Bigler's cognitive explanation of GID? |
Dual pathway theory (extension of gender schema theory) |
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Describe the second personal pathway in the dual pathway theory of GID |
Describes how child's gender attitudes are affected by their actvity - eg individuals interests may become more dominant than gender identity, this in turn influences gender schema, leading to development of non-sex typed schema, in majority leading to androgynous behviour, but in small minority leads to eventual formation of opposite gender identity. |
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Who found that hormone therpay did affect size of BSTc? |
Hulshoff Pol et al (2006) |
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Identify two Atypical sex chromosome patterns |
Klinefelter's XXY Turner's X0 |
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What are Kohlberg's stages of Gender Identity? |
Gender Identity, Gender Stabilit, Gender Constancy |
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Identify some biological explanations for GID |
Brain sex theory Genetic factors |
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Identify some social-psychological explanations for GID |
Psychoanalytic theory Liben and Bigler, gender schema extension |
