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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When determining the specific immunizations needed by a particular horse(s), what factors should you consider?
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Age
Use Breed Sex Value General management Exposure risk Geography Pregnancy status |
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What vaccines has the AAEP defined as "core" vaccines for horses?
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Tetanus
Eastern & Western Encephalitides West Nile Virus Rabies |
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What are some vaccines that require a risk-benefit analysis before they should be administered to a horse?
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Equine Herpes Virus
Equine Flu Potomac Horse fever Strangles Botulism Equine Viral Arteritis Rotaviral Diarrhea Anthrax |
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How often are horses supposed to be vaccinated for Tetanus?
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Annually.
Booster if wound found. |
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How often are horses supposed to be vaccinated for EEE/WEE?
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Annually.
Semiannually (2x's) in heavy mosquito areas --> vaccinate BEFORE beginning of mosquito season. |
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How often are horses supposed to be vaccinated for Rabies?
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Annually
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How often are horses supposed to be vaccinated for West Nile?
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Annually.
Semiannually (2x's) in heavy mosquito areas --> vaccinate BEFORE beginning of mosquito season. |
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How often are horses supposed to be vaccinated for Influenza?
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2-4x's/year
Intranasal (better immunity) only 2x's/year |
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How often are horses supposed to be vaccinated for Rhinopneumonitis? What special circumstances call for a different vaccine schedule?
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Non-pregnant mares: 2-4x's/year
Pregnant mares: 5, 7, 9 months of gestation |
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How often are horses supposed to be vaccinated for Potomac Horse Fever?
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Semi-annually
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How often should horses be vaccinated for Strangles?
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Semi-annually
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When and in what horses should Botulism vaccine be administered?
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Pregnant mare, vaccinated 1 month PRE-partum.
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When should horses be vaccinated for Equine Viral Arteritis?
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Annually
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What is the vaccine schedule for rotavirus in a foal?
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NONE! Ineffective vaccine if given to neonate.
MARE is vaccinated at 8,9,10 months of gestation --> more time/ability to build immunity. |
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What vaccines should be administered to foals (whether they're core or not) between 3-4 months of age for the first time?
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Tetanus
EEE/WEE WNV Rhino Rabies |
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Which vaccines require 2 to 3 boosters in a foal for proper immunity development?
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Tetanus
EEE/WEE WNV Rhino Influenza Strangles PHF Botulism |
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What vaccines (regardless of whether they're core or not) are given to foals at 6 months for the first time?
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Influenza
Strangles PHF EVA |
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What is the vaccine schedule for botulism in foals?
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Vaccinate at 2,4,8 weeks and booster at 2-3 months with a total of 3 boosters.
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How many boosters does the EVA vaccine require?
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one!
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Why is it significant to know the vaccine regulations of various agencies in the equine world?
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Because some organizations require a particular vaccination course (Jockey Club) in order to enter your horse into any of their events.
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The Jockey Club requires that any horse entering any of their competitions be vaccinated for Influenza 21-92 days from the first dose and 15-215 days from the 2nd dose and exactly annually every following year. Why might they have such strict regulations?
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Influenza is a HIGHLY contagious disease, and vaccination is really the only way to effectively manage its spread (though vaccination itself provides poor protection). Also, Influenza is a potential zoonosis, so any horse that is going to contact many other horses/people should be protected.
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What are some examples of historic outbreaks of Herpes in horses?
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MD & KY racetrack & training facility outbreaks in 2006.
NJ imposes quarantine of >1,000 Monmouth park horses. in Meadowland, OH 10/2006 CSU implements suspension of equine admision 10/31/2006 EMC - hospital outbreak. Closed 2/2007 from 10/2007. |
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What are some common vaccine combinations administered in equine medicine?
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2-way = Influenza, Rhino
3-way = Tetanus, EEE, WEE = EWT Various combinations of above 2 EWT + PHF EEE, WEE, Flu, PHF PHF, Rabies |
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Influenza, Streptococcus, Rhino, and EVA are all examples of what 2 types of vaccines in equine medicine?
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Modified Live or Killed vaccines
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What vaccine is given orally?
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E. coli
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What products aimed at the treatment infectious diseases are administered IV?
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Plasma/serum
Antitoxins |
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Through what route(s) might Strep, Influenza, or Rhino be given to a horse?
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IM or Intranasal
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What is the general rule of thumb for the seasonal vaccination of various diseases in the horse?
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Infections passed via INSECT vectors should be vaccinated against in the SPRING
Infections passed through direct CONTACT/crowding should be vaccinated against in the FALL Some vaccines are given BOTH times of the year |
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What vaccinations in the horse should occur in the spring?
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EEE/WEE, PHF, Rhino, Flu, WNV
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How long should you wait after administration of a vaccine in a horse to assume reasonable immunity has been achieved?
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Vaccinate 2 weeks prior to exposure event
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Why should you encourage your equine clients to vaccinate their horse well in advance of participating in any shows/competitions/etc?
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To give ample time for their horse to mount an immune response and acquire immunity to the vaccine before they are exposed.
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Various vaccine technologies exist for WNV vaccines. What is the impetus behind these new developments?
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Recombinant DNA vaccines & attenuated vaccines are generate to provide a better, LONGER-LASTING immune response in order to decrease the number of boosters/annual vaccinations.
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What would be a typical/recommended vaccine schedule for a Traveling Horse?
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In MARCH: EWT, PHF, WNV, Flu/Rhino & Strangles
In SEPTEMBER: Flu/Rhino, Rabies, PHF, Strangles |
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What are the vaccines recommended for a horse with no contact with other equids?
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EWT (core)
Rabies (core) WNV (core) +/- PHF |
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What vaccines are recommended for a NON-pregnant brood mare?
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Core: EWT, Rabies, WNV
Flu/Rhino +/- Rotavirus & Botulism +/- PHF +/- EVA - At least 3 weeks PRIOR to breeding with seroPOSITIVE stallion. |
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During what time period of pregnancy in the horse do you NOT want to vaccinate the mare?
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First 90 days of pregancy
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When are vaccines typically given to a mare in order to provide colostral antibodies?
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1 month prior to parturition
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What types of vaccines are contraindicated in pregnant mares? Why?
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DO NOT USE MLV in Pregnant Mares!
Infection of fetus with virus leads to fetus recognizing vaccine antigen as "self" and will be perpetually infected. |
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Would you want to vaccinate a "to-be-pregnant" mare with the typical core vaccines before or after the breeding season?
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BEFORE
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What is a typical/recommended vaccine schedule for Rhinopneumonitis (EHV1) vaccination in a pregnant mare?
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Vaccinate at 5, 7, 9 months during gestation.
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What is the primary virus strain vaccinated for in the Rhinopneumonitis vaccine?
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EHV1 has 5 TIMES antigenic load compared to other stains.
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When giving Botulism & Rotavirus vaccine for the first time, when are they administered? What difference exists between the vaccine schedules for Botulism and Rotavirus after their first administration?
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FIRST: Given at 8,9,10 months
Botulism: Given at 10 months in following years Rotavirus: Given at 8,9,10 month EVERY year following. |
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During what months is PHF given to a mare dam?
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April & August
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Would you expect a foal to receive a vaccine combination relative to a traveling horse or a solitary horse with no contact? Why?
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Traveling horse. Foals essentially are being newly exposed to tons of antigens regardless of their contact with others horses or not, so the maximum number of vaccinations should be given to maximize their immune response.
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What is the time course for the initiation of foal vaccines?
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Usually start vaccines between 4-6 months.
Exception may be Influenza given at 6-9 months. |
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What is the main difference in the vaccines recommended for a solitary horse and a stallion?
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Stallion should include EVA vaccine.
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When should vaccination for EVA in a stallion occur?
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Test for prior serology --> Need NEGATIVE test for vaccination.
Vaccinate AT LEAST 3 weeks prior to breeding season. |
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What are the primary vaccination sites for a horse?
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Neck musculature
"Quadriceps" --> Semimem, Semiten. |
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Why might vaccines fails to perform their intended function?
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Vaccination too close to exposure --> not enough time to mount response
Overwhelming exposure Vaccination of stressed animal --> stress decreases immune ability of animal Poor product Vaccine only partially protective originally. |
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How can we reduce the incidence of vaccine reactions in horses?
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Make sure contents of vaccines are well mixed
Do not push air out of syringe while needle is attached (vaccine on needle) When using a multi-dose vial, leave "draw-up" needle in vial and use clean needle for vaccine administration. Vaccinate animal into CLEAN, DRY!!!!! area |
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TRUE/FALSE: Like vaccinations, AAEP has set forth blanket recommendations for the deworming of horses.
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FALSE! Deworming depends on multiple factors (horse, concentration, feeding, management, environment, etc.) in order to be properly implemented in a horse-by-horse basis.
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What are some clinical problems that may develop due to a parasitic infection in a horse?
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Weight loss
Poor performance Poor Weight gain Anemia Colic Secondary disease |
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What is the typical roundworm that affects horses?
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Parascaris equorum.
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What patient factors influence the maintenance of a roundworm infection in horses?
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Young animal
Immunocompromised animal |
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What clinical effects can you observe in a horse with a parascaris equorum infection?
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GI problems
Respiratory signs |
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A horse owner wants to give an oral dewormer to kill all the worms that are in their new foal. What should you tell them about the use of organophosphates, piperazine (and other pesticides aimed at rapid worm killing) in foals?
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A rapid killing of a load of worms in a foal, with a smaller intestine, is more likely to result in a GI Obstruction & a consequent colic.
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What parasite of horses can be effectively removed by regular grooming (especially of the legs)?
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Bots!
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What is the general life cycle of Gasterophilus intestinalis?
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Mature flies lay eggs on horse's legs
Horses lick legs Eggs move into horse's mouth & are swallowed Bot larvae develop in stomach, along margo plicatus Larvae are excreted in the feces & develop into mature adults in the environment |
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What antiparasitic drugs can be used in the treatment of Gasterophilus intestinalis?
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Ivermectin
Moxidectin Organophosphates |
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What is the main pathologic effect of bot larvae?
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Gastric blockage
Ulcers |
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When, related to seasonality, should antiparasitic drugs for Bot treatment be administered to horses?
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After a good killing frost, to be sure that there are no remaining adult flies to continue the life cycle.
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What important equine parasite belong to the family Cyathostomidae?
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Small strongyles!
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What factor of Cyathostomidae make them particularly difficult to treat?
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Encyst in tissues & can remain encysted for months at a time
Encysting prevents exposure to orally administered drugs & difficulty of penetration for systemic drugs. |
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What pathologies are associated with encysted small strongyles in horses?
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3rd larval stage cysts cause damage to submucosa & may lead to a malabsorptive disease (due to thickened/dysfunctional GI tissue).
De-cystation can cause inflammation. |
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What are the standard treatments for small strongyles in horses?
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Moxidectin
Fenbendazole - 5 consecutive day treatment |
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Anoplocephala perfoliata cause what main clinical sign in horses?
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Cecal intussusception
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What are some treatment regimes for Anoplocephala perfoliata?
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Double dose of Strongid C
Praziquantel (Equimax, Zimectrin Gold, Quest Plus) |
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What makes diagnosis of Anoplocephala perfoliata infection difficult?
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NOT consistent egg shedders, so difficult to tell whether infection is actually present.
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What is the primary pathology associated with large strongyle infection in horses?
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Hemorrhage
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How do worms such as Strongylus vulgaris cause disease?
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Migrate through blood vessels into tissues.
Cause lots of blood loss along the way. |
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What parasite of horses is transmitted intramammary?
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Strongyloides westeri
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Often, the most common clinical sign is diarrhea. What other event may coincide with the foal diarrhea?
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Foal heat (mare)
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What are your recommendations for treatment of foal diarrhea?
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Deworm foal 7-14 days post-foaling.
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Presence of microfilaria in the skin and eyes of a horse indicates an infection of what?
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Onchocerca
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How are Onchocerca infections initiated?
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Insect bite on ventral midline introduces microfilaria
Microfilaria migrate throughout body, skin & eyes. |
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A horse with missing hairs along the base of their tail is a high indicator of infection from what?
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Pinworms!
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What is the significance of diagnosing a pinworm infection in a horse?
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Pinworms are often a sentinel for other parasitic diseases.
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What parasite becomes a problem in equines when they have a common grazing area with donkeys?
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Dictyocaulus arnfeldi = Lungworms!
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What are the 2 most important external parasites in equines?
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Lice
Mange |
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What anthelmintic is the MOST effective at removing internal parasites in horses?
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Moxidectin/Praziquantel combination
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Ivermectin is effective at removing what internal parasites?
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Ascarids
Bots Small strongylids Large strongylids Strongyloides Onchocerca Pinworms Lungworms ***AKA, everything EXCEPT encysted small strongylids and tapeworms*** |
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Pyrantel is effective at removing what internal parasites?
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Ascarids
Small strongylids Large strongylids Strongyloides Pinworms |
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Performing Fecal Egg Counts are useful to determine what factors related to equine deworming?
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Which drugs are effective on the farm
Which horses tend to always have low FECs & require less deworming Which horses tend to always have high FEC's & require more deworming The interval between treatments that is required for various drugs to remain efficacious |
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How can you use trends in FEC's to evaluate deworming efficacy?
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A serial decrease in FEC's means the drugs/program is working
A serial increase in FEC's means the drugs/program are not working |
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Why might a negative FEC be a "false" negative?
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A horse with only a larval infection will not produce eggs, since larvae do not produce eggs
A tapeworm infection will likely not produce eggs |
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What are the 2 different types of deworming programs?
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Continuous - feeding a daily dewormer year-round
Strategic - deworming only at certain times of the year |
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How does frequent deworming create resistance?
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Not all parasites are killed with each deworming
Those that are left may have resistant qualities Dewormers kill non-resistant worms and remove any resource competition, allowing the resistant worms to completely repopulate. |
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What is refugia?
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The population of non-resistant parasites present in the environment.
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When developing a strategic deworming program, what patient factors are you going to consider?
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High egg counts
Animals with clinical signs of parasitism Immunocompromised animals (Young, old, sick) |
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What management practices should be included in a complete deworming protocol?
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Keep number of horses per acre to a minimum --> prevent overgrazing & pasture contamination
Dispose of manure regularly Compost manure away from field Mow & harrow pastures periodically Keep foals & weanlings away from yearlings to reduce exposure Use a feeder for hay Remove bot eggs from horses |
