Gen Psych Part 1 (Test 1) -- Mel

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Psychology is the systematic study of the

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behavior and mind

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The goal of psychologists is

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to understand, explain, and predict behavior

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Free will

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The belief that behavior is caused by an individual's indepedent decision making

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Determinism

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Assumption that everything has a cause or determinant in the observable world

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This part of the brain makes determinism less likely

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The parietal lobe

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Dualism

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The belief that mind is separate from brain but somehow controls the brain and body (most people don't believe this)

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Monism

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The view that conscious experience is generated by and therefore is inseparable from the brain

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PET

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Position Emission Topography - shows levels of brain activity

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Nature/Nuture (Heredity vs. Environment)

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Are difference in potential and behavior due to the influence of genes or the results of aspects of the environment? Most involve both.

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Biological psychology

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Explaining behavior in terms of biological factors

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Psychologists research what?

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Learning and motivation, how behavior depends on outcomes

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Cognitive psychologists research what?

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The processes of thinking and acquiring research

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Developmental psychologists research what?

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The behavioral capacities typical of different ages and how behavior changes with age

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Social psychologists research what?

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How an individual influences and is influenced by other people

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Clinical psychologists research what?

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Have advanced degrees in psychology, with a specialty in understanding and helping mental and emotional problems

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Psychotherapist

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Professionals with training in psychology who specialize in helping people

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Psychoanalysts

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Psychotherapists who use mental health treatment strategies based on the work of Sigmund Freud

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Industrial/Organizational Psychologists

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They study people's behavior in the workplace, help improve productivity

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Ergonomist (human factors specialist)

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Someone who attempts to facilitate the use of machinery and appliances so that they can be used as efficiently and safely as possible

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School psychologist

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Someone who specializes in the psychological condition of the students

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This person established the first psychology laboratory

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Who was Edward Titchener?

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A student of Wundt who developed the approach of structuralism

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Structuralism

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The researcher attempts to describe the structures of the mind - the sensations, feelings, and images. NO way to test accuracy

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Today, 20th century researchers focus on solely what?

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Observable behaviors

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American psychologist William James was interested in what?

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What the mind DOES, instead of its structures

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Functionalism

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How the mind produces behavior, James' approach

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Psychophysics

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Perception of a stimulus' intensity is NOT directly proportional to the actual physical intensity

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Comparative psychologists

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Specialists who compare different animal species

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Charles Darwin

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Wrote "The Origin of Species", presented compelling evidence that humans and animal species are related

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Ways to test animal intelligent

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1) Delayed reponse
2) Detour problem
3) Pattern recognition

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Binet

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He developed the first human IQ test for the French govt

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Behaviorism

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Watson and Skinner, a field that concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors

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Sigmund Freud

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Revolutionized psychology by proposing the existence of the "unconscious mind"

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Forensic psychologist

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Someone who advises police, courts, witnesses to crimes

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Operational definitions

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Clearly defined, delineated variables

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Results of a study must be what?

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Replicable

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Falsifiable

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A theory that can be proven true or false

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Parsimony

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Reliance on the fewest and simplest assumptions

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Clever Hans

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A mathematical horse who looked for positive signals from trainer in order to make it seem he could "do math"

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Scientific Study Cycle

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Hypothesis, Methods, Results, Interpretation

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Sample

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A small number of individuals in the population, a subset

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Convenience sample

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A group chosen because of its ease of availability and study (not representative or random)

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Representative sample

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A sample that closely resembles the actual population

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Random sample

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A sample where every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. (The larger a random sample, the more the sample approaches being representative.)

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Experimenter bias

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The tendency of an experimenter to unintentionally distort the procedures or results of an experiment based on the desired outcome of the research

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Blind observers

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People who record data without knowing what the researcher is studying

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Placebo control

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A pill or other sham treatment that makes it very difficult for the subjects or the experimenter to know who has received the treatment and who hasn't

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Naturalistic observation

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Careful monitoring and examination of what people and animals do in natural circumstances

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Case history

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A thorough observation and description of a single individual

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Correlation

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A measure of the relationship between two variables which are both outside the investigator's control

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When dealing with correlation, 0 means what?

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No correlation

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A negative correlation means:

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That as one variable increases the other decreases

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Illusory correlation

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An apparent relationship based on casual observations or weakly related events

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Correlation does not imply ________

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Causation

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Independent variable

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The variable directly under the researcher's control

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Experimental group

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The set of individuals who receive the treatment that the experience is designed to test

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Control group

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The set of individuals who are treated the same way as the experimental group, but aren't actually treated

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Random assignment

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The experimenter assigns subjects to either the experimental or control group based on chance

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Demand characteristics

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Cues that tell a subject what is expected of him or her and what the researcher hopes to find

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Placebo effect

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Feeling "better" once supposedly being treated

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Informed consent

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Subjects are advised on what to expect and must explicitly state that they agree to continue

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Mean

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The average score

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Median

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The middle score

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Mode

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The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution

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Range

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A statement of the highest and lowest scores

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Standard deviation

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A measurement of the amount of variation among scores in a normal distribution

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Inferential statistics

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Used for educated guessing

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Confidence interval

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A measure of how sure we are that the true mean lies within a certain range

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Probability value

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A way to estimate the likelihood that a purely chance variation would achieve a difference as large as our observed difference

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Central nervous system

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Brain and spinal cord

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Peripheral nervous system

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How the central nervous system communicates with the rest of the body, composed of bundles of axons

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Somatic nervous system

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Made up of the peripheral nerves that communicate with the skin and the muscles

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Autonomic nervous system

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Controls involuntary actions of the heart, stomach, and other organs

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Spinal cord

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Communicates with the body below the head by means of sensory and motor neurons