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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychology?
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is the scientific study of our thoughts feelings and behavior
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why do we need the scientific discipline of pschy.?
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for intuition and common sense
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what is overconfidence?
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sometimes we think we know more than we actually do
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what is hindsight bias?
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is the " I know-it-all-along" phenomenon
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The scientific method
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approach used by psychologist and other scientists to systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest
three steps 1.indentify questions of interest 2.form an explanation 3.carry out research designed to lend support or refute the exlanation |
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what is a theory?
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it is an explanation that intergrates principles and organizes and predicts behavior or events
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what is a hypothesis?
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is a testable prediction often prompted by a theory to enable us to accept or reject the theory
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what are the three research strategies?
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1. descriptive(case study,surveys)
2. correlation 3. experimental |
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what is a desriptive research strategy?
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a case study-a technique in which one person is studied in depth to reveal underlying behavioral principles
or a survey- a technique for assertaning the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of ppl usually done by qustioning a representative, random sample of ppl or Naturalistic observation- observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild or recording patterns of behavior in a multiracial school lunch room would constitute that |
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what is correlational research strategy?
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*it used to describe the relationship between two or more varibles
* when one trait or behavior accompanies the other we say the two correlate ** CORRELATION DOESN'T IMPLY CAUSATION |
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Experimental research strategies
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* we can't test hypothesis about the causes of behavior w/ descriptive or correlational research
Properties of a well designed experiment -we vary at least one independat varrible -we measure at least one dependant varriable -random assignemnt of participants to groups -control extraneous varribles |
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Idependant varrible is?
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it is a factor manipulated by the experimenter the effect of the independant var. is the focus of the study
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what is the dependant var.?
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is is usually a behavior or a mental process that we measure.
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Measures of cental tendacies
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are
-mode- mosdt frequently occuring -mean-sum of scores divided by # of scores -median-the middle score |
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Measures of varriation
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are
-range-the gap between the lowest and highest scores -standard deviation-a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean |
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Parts of a neuron:what are dendrites
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they receive messages from cells
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Parts of a neuron:what is axon
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transmitts info
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Parts of a neuron:what is the synapse
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is the gap between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrites of the receiving neuron
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what is Action Potential
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is when a brief electrical charge propagates down the axon and neurotransmitters are released
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Action Potential
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-inside the neuron the electical charge is more negative than the outside
-chemicals released by other neurons change the difference between the inside and outside charges or neuron -if positive ions get into the body of the neuron, the inside of the neuron becomes more positive than the outside - |
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What are neurotransmitters?
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chemicals released from the sending neuron that travel accross the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron
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Examples of Neurotransmitters?
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Acetylcholine-has a role in learning and memory and enables muscle action
Endorphins-natural opiates released in response to pain and vigorous excercise |
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Divisions of the nervous system
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Central nervous system-brain and cord
Peripheral nervous system- nerves that connect brain and spine with rest of body |
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Name parts of the brain(know lobes)
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-the medulla
-cerebellum- -the Lymbic sys -Cerebral Cortex -Frontal lobe-forehead,back motor func.,higher level process -parietal lobe-top to rear of head,spatial processing -occipital lobe-back head,visual areas -temporal lobe-side of head,auditory areas |
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The endocrine sys.
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-set of glands that secrete hormones
-chem. communication sys. that sends messages via the blood sys. |
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What are Hormones
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they are chemicals synthesized by the endocrine glands that are secreted in the bloodstream
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Pituitary glad
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"Master Glad"
secretes many diff hormones some of which affect other glands |
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Twin studies: the influences od nature(genes) and nurture(environment)
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found that when indentical twins we raised together they had more similairities then indenticals that we raised apart
spearated twins were more alike when genetically identical(genes) |
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How are indentical twins diff. from fraternal twins
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Identical-share 100% of genes(one egg)
Fraternal twins share 50% of genes (two eggs) |
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Adoption studies
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adoption studies show suggest that adoptees tend to be diff from their adoptive parents and siblings
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What does evolutionary psych. study?
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studies the evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection
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Natural Selection
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-traits that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Evolutionary explanation to the differences in sexual behavior between the genders
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says:we send our genes into the future by pairing wisely(women)and by pairing widely(men)
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What do developmental psychologists study?
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studies physical,mental, and social changes throughout the human life cycle
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Childhood amnesia
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we don't remember things from before age 3
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development: stage i sensorimotor
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from birth to age 2
-live the present;out of sight out of mind *object permanence:awarness that objects continue to exist when not perceived(lack it before 6 months) |
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development: stage 2 Preoperational stage
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from 2 to 6 or 7-
too young to perform mental operations -at this stage kids are egocentric(don't see older person's persepctive) they lack the concept of conservation-quantity remains the same despite change in shape Later in stage-theory of mind-start to be able to take another's perspective |
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development: stage 3 concrete operational stage
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from 6/7 to 12
-given concrete materials -they grasp conservation -understand mathmatical transformations |
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development: stage 4 Formal operational stage
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from age 12 and up
abstract thinking |
