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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are oncogenes different from tumor suppressor genes conceptually?
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Oncogenes
Overexpression leads to cancer gain of function - need damage to only 1 allele Tumor suppressor genes no expression leads to cancer both alleles must be lost for expression of disease |
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What is erb-B2?
Associated with which cancer? |
Tyrosine kinase receptor involved in cell signaling.
Associated with breast cancer |
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which intracellular signal transducer is involved in 20-30% of all cancers?
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ras
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Mutation of abl gene is associated with what cancer?
What is the etiology behind the mutation? |
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Translocation: t(9,22)(q34,q11) |
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Which oncogene is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma?
Etiology behind the mutation? |
c-myc
translocation: t(8,14)(q24,q32) |
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Cyclin E is needed to pass which check point in the cell cycle?
Overexpression of cyclin E is associated with which cancer? |
Entering the S phase
Breast cancer |
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what is Rb?
Mutation of Rb is associated with what cancer? Which chromosome contains Rb? |
tumor suppressor gene.
Retinoblastoma 13q |
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What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
What tumor suppressor gene is associated with this syndrome? What chromosome contains this gene? |
inherited mutation that increases susceptibility to cancer.
p53 on 17p |
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mutation of APC pathway is associated with which cancer?
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colorectal cancer.
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Over-expression of BCL-2 family genes is associated with which cancer?
What is the function of BCL-2 family genes? |
Follicular B cell lymphoma
Anti-apoptotic or pro-apoptotic genes |
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Synthesis of proapoptotic molecules (Bax, Bid) are upregulated by what intracellular signal?
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p53
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Give 2 examples of pro-angiogenic factors.
Give 2 examples of anti-angiogenic factors. What intracellular signal downregulates pro-angiogenic factors? |
Pro-angiogenic factors – VEGF and FGF
Anti-angiogenic factors – thrombospondin, angiostatin, endostatin, vasculostatin p53 downregulates pro-angiogenic factors |
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Xeroderma pigmentosum
What is it? What function is mutated? |
Xeroderma pigmentosum - UV induced pyrimidine dimers
mutation in Nucleotide excision repair (NER) |
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Ataxia telangiectasia
What is it? What function is mutated? |
Ataxia telangiectasia - increased risk for DNA damage by radiation procedures.
Mutation in ATM - homologous recombination repair |
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BRCA-1 mutation is associated with what cancer? what chromosome?
BRCA-2 mutation is associated with what cancer? what chromosome? |
BRCA-1 (17q): Breast and ovarian cancer
BRCA-2 (13q): breast cancer |
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What are 2 epigenetic changes that can lead to cancer?
Describe each. |
Methylation
hypermethylation - inactivation of promoter sequence --> silence tumor suppressor gene Histone acetylation hypo-acetylation - transcriptional repression --> can repress tumor suppressor gene hyper-acetylation - active chromatin for transcription |
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What is miRNA?
How is miRNA related to cancer? |
miRNA - involved in posttranscriptional gene silencing
Overly expressed in tumors Increase the expression of oncogenes and decrease the expression of tumor suppressor genes |
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what is tumor angiogenesis?
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switch from dormant tumors to angiogenic phenotype (induction of angiogenesis)
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List 4 steps of tumor invasion
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1. dissociation/detachment (less Cadherins)
2. degradation of ECM (e.g using matrix metalloproteinases) 3. Adherence to matrix components (e.g. more integrin) 4. migration of tumor cells into loosened ECm |
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What are the principal sites (targets) of metastasis for following cancers?
1. Breast 2. Lung adenocarcinoma 3. Skin melanoma 4. colorectal 5. pancreatic 6. prostate |
1. Breast cancer - Bone, lungs, liver and brain
2. Lung adenocarcinoma - Bones, brain, adrenal gland and liver 3. Skin melanoma - Lungs, brain and liver 4. Colorectal cancer - Liver and lungs 5. Pancreatic cancer - Liver and lung 6. Prostate cancer - Bone |
