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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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state cell theory
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all organisms are made of cells and cells come from preexisting cells
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state theory of evoultion by natural selection
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which maintains that specied change through time becasue individuals with certain heritable traits produce more offspring than other individuals
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what happened in Pasteur's experiment
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in two flasks (one haveing a swan-neck) placed a soup in both then boiled them to kill preexisting cells. in one he let cells from the air go in, then in the swan necked the old cells stoped up the neck after a period of time, then one with the swan neck did not have any cells in it but the regular had tons of cells.
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define natural selection
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a process that explains how evolution occurs, and charaterizes that are inherited that can help produce more offspring
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define evolution
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decent by modification
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define heritable
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traits that can be passes on to offspring
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define population
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a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time
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define fitness
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the ability of an individual to produce off spring. Individuals with high fitness produce many offspring
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define adaption
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a trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular enviroment
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explain a phylogenetic tree
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a diagram that depicts evolutionary history. shows relationship among individuals that shows the relationships among species. on a phylogenetic tree the branches that are close to one another represents specied that are closely realted: branches that are farther apart represents species that are more distantly related
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what are the levels for taxonomy
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Kingdon, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
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define a hypothesis
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a proposed explanation
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define a null hypothesis
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specifies what we chould observe when the hypothesis being tested but doesn't hold
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define Chmical evolution
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the proposition that early in Earth's history, simple chemical compounds in the atmosphere and ocean combined to form larger, more complex substances
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what 4 atoms make up 96% of all of the matter found in organisms
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hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen
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define atomic number
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the number of protons, given as a subscript of each element symbol in the peridoic table
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define mass number
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the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom
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define isotopes
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an element with different numbers of neutrons
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define orbitals
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the place where electrons move around atomic nuclei
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define electron shells
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the levels in the orbitals
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define valence electrons
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the electrons found in the outermost shell, typically since because it is not full
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define covalent bond
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the shared elections "glue" the atoms together
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define molecules
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substances that are held together by covalent bonds
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define nonpolar covalent bonds
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an equal sharing of electrons
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define electronegativity
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when some atoms hold electrons in a covalent bond much more tightly than do other atoms, so the degree of sharing varies by element
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define ionic bond
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a complete transfer of electrons from one atom to the other
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define ion
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an atom or molecule that carries a charge
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define cation
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positively charged ions
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define anion
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negatively charged ions
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define molarity
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the number of moles of the substance present per liter of solution.
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list some properties of water molecules
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great solvent
cohesion adhesion high surface tension high specific heat denser in a liquid then as a soild |
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what is difference between adhesion and cohesion
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cohesion is between water molecules and leads to the high surface tension then adhesion is between a water molecule and something else leads to the meniscus
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what is the differnce between an acid and a base
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acids is a -H bases is -OH
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define endothermic
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heat is being aborbed during the process
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define exothermic
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heat is being released
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define potential engergy
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stored energy
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define kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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define thermal energy
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a form of kinetic energy, the kinetic energy of molecular motion
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what is the first law of thermodynamics
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energy cannot be created or be destroyed, but only transferred and transformed
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what is the second law of thermodynamics
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entropy always increases in an isolated system.
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what is the gibbs free-energy change
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delta G=delta H-T delta S (T equalls the temp on the Kelvin scale, S is the entropy becomes more important)
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when are reactions spontaneous
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when delta G si less than zero or exergonic
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what are the major steps in chemical evolution
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1. simple molecules were present in the atmophere.
2. with light energy they simple molecules of the atmosphere and the ocean mixed and formed hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde. 3. with heat the simple molecules changed into larger more complex molecules |
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why is carbon so important to the chemical evolution
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carbon has four valence elctrons that has almost limitless array of molecular shapes are possible and it is so very versatile atom on Earth
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what kind of functional groups typically attach to carbon
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amino functional groups
carboxyl functional groups hydroxyl groups phosphate groups sulfhydryl group |
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what are the monomers of proteins
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amino acids
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what type of bonds hold monomers together
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by polymerization
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name functions of proteins
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defense
movement catalysis signaling structure |
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what is the structure of amino acids
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carbon with a single done with an amino group on one end and da carboxyl group on the other along with a hydrogen and then the r group
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what are the different types of isomers
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structural, geometric and optical
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how are monomers polymerized to from polypeptides
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dehydration reation or condensation reactions
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what direction do polypeptides read
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N-terminus to C-terminus
H3N+ to COO- |
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what is the primary structure
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a chain of polypeptides
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what is the secondary structure
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when the hydrogen bonds form the alpha and beta sheets
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what is the tertiary structure
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with the alpha beta sheets fold up and form the different bonds which are hydrogen, Van Der Waals interactions, covalent bonds (disulfide), and ionic bonds
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what is quaternary structure
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when two or more tertiary proteins come together
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what is the effect of enzymes on chemical reactions
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it lowers the activation energy needed for the reaction
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what is the monomer of nucleic acids
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Nucleotides
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what is the type of bonds that form nucleic acids
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phosphodiester linkage
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what are the three diffent things that make up a nucleotide?
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phosphate group, 5 carbon sigar and a nitrogenous base
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what is difference between the sugar in DNA and RNA
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the sugar in DNA only has H on the 2 prime sugar. where in RNA sugar on the 2 prime sugar it has a OH
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DNA / RNA is more stable
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DNA
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what nitrogenous bases are members of pyrimidines
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cytosine, uracil and thymine
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which nitrogenous bases are members of purines
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guanine and adenine
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which of the two types of nitrogenous bases has the 2 rings
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purines
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What are the differences between DNA and RNA
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DNA- RNA
double Helix hairpin T U stable not as stable deoxyribose ribose |
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how do the nucleotide form the phosphodiester linkage?
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the OH on the 3 prime sugar links with one of the OH in the phoshate groups and then the OH on the sugar and the the H in the phospahte came out to then form water.
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in which direction are the nucleic acid read
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5 prime to 3 prime
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what is the primary and secondary structure in DNA
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primary-string of nucleic acid
secondary-double helix |
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what is the primary and secondary structure in RNA
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primary-string of nucleic acid
secondary-hairpin |
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which is the complementary base for A
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T or U
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which is the complementary base of T
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A
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Which is the complementary base for U
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A
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which is the complementary base for G
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C
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Which is the complementary base for C
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G
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what kind of bonds hold the double helix together
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hydrogen
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what is the complmentary strand for
(5') GATTCGATC (3') |
(5') CATCGAATC (3')
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what is the width of the helix
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2.0 nm
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what is the distance between bases
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.34 nm
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what is the length of one complete turn of helix
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3.4 nm
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what is the area on the RNA where they line up
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stem
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what is the stability of RNA
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RNA is less stable than DNA
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what are the two steps of reprducing DNA
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1. break hydrogen bonds
2. the new strand of DNA comes together |
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what is the RNA world hypothesis
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this says that RNA could have been the first product of life because RNA can repoduce itself and help catalyis
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what is the monomer of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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what is the polymer of of carbohydrates
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polysaccharide or oligosaccharides
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what kind of bond hold the monosacchrides together
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glycosidic linkages
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what are the diffrences between aldose and ketose
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an aldose has the double bonded O at the top of the chain where a ketose has a the double bonded O in the center of the chain.
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which double bonded O at the top
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aldose
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where is the double bonded O in the middle
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ketose
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what is the different alpha and beta sugar
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alpha is below the ring and the beta is at the top of the ring
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which type of ring is the OH above the ring
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alpha
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which type of ring is the OH below the ring
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beta
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what is the functions of carbohydrates
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buliding blocks, interacts between cells, story energy, structure
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what are some examples of carbohydrates
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glucose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan.
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