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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aposematic coloration
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warning coloration, such as yellow, green, alternated with black
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batesian minicry
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minicry in which a harmless species resembles a noxious or harmful one
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condition
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environmental state, such as temperature, pH, humidity
cannot be used up |
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cryptic coloration
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camouflage coloration, which blends into the background environment and helps organism avoid detection by others
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ectotherm
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species which regulates its body temperature by external heat sources; passive
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endotherm
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species which regulates its body temperature by internal, active mechanisms
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homeotherm
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species that maintains a constant body temperature
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mullerian minicry
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form of minicry in which noxious or harmful species resemble each other
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poikilotherm
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body temperature caries widely
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resource
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elements that an organism needs to survive and reproduce, such as mates, food, and nesting sites
localled, can be used up it's limited and scope and place |
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ecology
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- study of interaction between organisms and the biotic and abiotic environment
- technique range from basic surveys using measuring tape and map, to sophisicated molecular methods and DNA analysis - every taxonomic group from bacteria to animals - can include experiment, observation, or both |
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abiotic factors
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such as water, temp, pH, salinity, mineral concentration, current flow, etc. affect where organism can control
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Selford's Law of Tolerance
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predicts an organism ability to grow and reproduce under certain a biotic conditions
range of condition on X axis number of individuals on the Y label axis when showing example of the term |
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the law of tolerance is demonstrated in _____terms in zoos and botanic gardens
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practical
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in _______
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it can be difficult to find the righ range of conditions to sllow for reproduction of a species
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____ can be used up
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resource
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____ cannot be used up
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conditions
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biomes
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are large geographic areas described by temp, water, and other abiotic gradients
plants and animal distributions also help characterize biomes |
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9 biomes
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desert 19%
boreal forest 17% temp. grassland 13% trop. forest 13% tundra 11% savanna 10% temperate forest 8% mountains 6% scrub 3% |
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desert
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19%
high light low water |
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boreal forest
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17%
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temparate grassland
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13%
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tropical forest
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13%
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tundra
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11%
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savanna
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10%
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temperate forest
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8%
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mountains
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6%
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scrubs
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3%
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mechanisms of body temp maintnance
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poikotherm vs. homeothern
ectotherm vs. endotherm |
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we humans are...
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homeotherm and endotherm "warm blooded"
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nickname for a poikotherm and ectotherm
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"cold blooded"
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___ are homeotherm ectotherm
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bees
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____ and ____ have to be a big organism, such as camels
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poikotherm and endotherm
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acclimatization
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The physiological adaptation of an animal or plant to changes in climate or environment, such as light, temperature, or altitude.
example - owls or amphibians |
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biotic factors
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coevolutionary relationship, in which genetic change in one species causes.results from change in the other other
may be adaptive for one, both, or neither in the interaction |
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+/-
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adaptive/not
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______ _______, in which genetic change in one species causes.results from change in the other other
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coevolutionary relationship
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_____ two or more species physically or behaviorally similar due to advantages of similar appearance
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mimicry
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three types of mimicry
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batesian, mullerian, and mertension
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batesian
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model is toxic
mimic is not exmaple: coral snake - model colubrid snake - mimic |
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mullerian
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model and mimic are noxious or toxic
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mertension
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model is harmless
mimic is noxious |
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interaction 2: mutualism
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+/+
- both species interact for mutual benefit - may be obligate or facultative can potentially degenerate into parasitism into parat |
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lichens are a form of ______ b/w a fungus
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mutualism
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interaction 3: parasitism
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one species benefits (parasite), other loses (host) may be internal or external the body or brood |
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cymothoa
sacculina schistosomes baylisascaris |
parasite
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internal
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live within the body tissues
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external
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lives on the surface
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brood
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exploit parental care of host
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_____ suceed in manipulating their hosts
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parasite
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ways of manipulating
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- destroy host reproductive tissues
- destroy host neural tissues - induce alternalte host behaviors through hormones |
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brown-headed cowbird
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lays their own eggs in another nest and kicks out the other eggs
example of a brood parasite |
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red queen hypothesis
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lfdkgj
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things to worry about a parasite
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transmission
infectivity virulence |
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transmission
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ability to move from host to host
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infectivity
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ability to get into the host and start reproducing
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virulence
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ability to cause harm to the host (pathogenicity)
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interation 4: predation
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- one species benefits, other loses
- includes killing and consumption of an organism |
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interation 4: predation
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- one species benefits, other loses
- includes killing and consumption of an organism |
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prey adaptations
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colorations
stotting - in antelope selfish herd - grouping to reduce predation making themselves un pallable |
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interaction 5: competition
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- both species in competitive interaction may lose -/-
- results from use of a common limiting resource |
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_________ organisms seek access to a common limited
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competition
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possible outcomes to competition
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- competitive exclusion - one loses
- coexistence - requires that the two species diverge in their niche |
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niche
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range of resources used by an organism
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graph of a niche
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range of resource of the X
number of individual on the Y |
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_____ competition, nichese may overlap, and competition intensity can be high
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before
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____ competition overlaping forms may die and shift
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after
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for test
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know examples of ALL terms
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ecosystem> community> population> individual (behavior)
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ldfkdsl
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altruism
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self-sacrificial behaviors directed toward another individual, which enables the survuval and/or reproduction of the helped individual
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classical conditioning
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a response to some cue is conditioned to another cue
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to understand behavior
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- understand perceptual world of other organisms
- link to population processes and behavior as adaptation - gain understanding of out own behavior |
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fixed action patter
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a patterm of behavior that is stereotypic, spontaneous, and independent of immediate control or individual learning
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group selection
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an unlikely form of selection that favors individuals exhibiting altruistic acts "for the good of the species" rather than for selfish gain
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innate traits
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developed without learning or other forms of input or feedback from the environment, and may or may not easily altered by specific environmental influences
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Konrad Lorenz
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inprinting and instinct
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intrasexual selection
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differences in numbers of mating caused by competition between members of one sex for access to the other sex; mate competition
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Max von Frisch
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honeybee dances & communication
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Niko Tinbergen
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gull behavior and learning instinct; all three shared nobel prize in physiology
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intersecual selection
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difference in numbers of matings caused be dicrimination or sensitivity by members of one sex among members of opposite sex; mate choice
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Tinbergen's four questions
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_______ind___________pop
causes: mechanisms adaptiviness orgins: development phylogenetic |
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mechanism
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genetic
neurological hormones other physio |
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mechanism in grouse
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in grouse, males begin to exhibit mating behaviors when sex hormones rise
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development
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instincts
learning instincts x learning |
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development in grouse
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females seem to learn mate...
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adaptiviness
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survival reproduction
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in grouse (adaptiveness)
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male grouse that attract the most females have higher reproductive success. However display is costly to survival
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phylogenetic
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development of behavior ancestry
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in grouse phylogenetic
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the grouse family generally shows this mate choice...
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play
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carnivores
primates |
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red queen hypothesis
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describes coevolution between host and parasite as being locked together, with improvement in one selecting for improvement in the other
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two outcomes of competition
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competitive exclusive
coexistence and niche devergence |
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instinct
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behavior exhibit without feedback from environment
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learned behavior
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behavior that can be altered in response to information acquired from environment and through two main mechanism (classical & operant)
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fixed action pattern
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the instinctual bahavior; in this case, instinct is pecking at red dot on parents bill
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the red dot acts as a _______ _______
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sign stimulus
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classical conditioning
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animal doesn't have to do anything
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operant
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trains animal to perform a task to gain some kind of reward or benefit; trial and error learning
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natural selection
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differential survival & reproduction
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sexual reproduction
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differential reproduction only
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intresexual selection
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mate competition
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intersexual selection
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mate choice
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social behavior
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ruodo
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self sacrifice
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altruism
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natural selection
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survival; reproduction
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kin selection
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special form of selection
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An instinct is
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a behavior exhibited without feedback from environment
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Learned behavior
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behavior that can be altered in response to information acquired from environment
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What components can be included in the "mechanisms" portion of Tinbergen's four questions?
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hormones
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A fixed action pattern is
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the instinctual behavior
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What triggers an instinct/fixed action pattern?
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sign stimulus
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Learned behaviors occur through the main mechanisms
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classical conditioning
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Tinbergen's four questions are divided into
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evolutionary (ultimate) questions - species
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Classical conditioning is synonymous with the
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Pavlovian response
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Operant conditioning differs from classical in that
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whereas with classical
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Natural selection
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differential survival and reproduction in animals
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Sexual selection
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differential reproduction only
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Intrasexual selection
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mate competition in aspects such as size
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Intersexual selection
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mate choice
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ornamentation
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song
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The third type of behavior
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in addition to learned and mating
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Altruism
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self-sacrifice
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Kin selection
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works on the genetic level; by helping related individuals
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rb - c > 0
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altruism results
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rb - c < 0
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selfishness results
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1. Raise cousins: get 8 fitness units
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costs 1.
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2. Raise siblings: get 8 fitness units
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costs 3.
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3. Raise own offsprings: get 4 fitness units
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costs 2.
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