Gel 107 Mt2

Front 1

SST

Back 1

lecture 11 sea surface temperature - Water temperature near the sea surface, but not the very top skin. Usually between 20 m to 1 mm deep. It varies latitudinally, seasonally, and over longer periods of time as seen in El Nino/La Nina.

Front 2

Dispersal

Back 2

Explains the geographic distributions of species based on dispersals from previous locations. Lecture 10. When the animals/plants themselves are moving to new regions, rather than the land moving.

Front 3

Vicariance

Back 3

Explains geographic distributions of species based on geographical splitting of previous geographic distributions. Lecture 10. Giganotosaurus were as big as T-Rex, lived in three different continents. Split into 3. One living in N. America is the most primitive (basal), whereas the African and South American are more closely related. Due to Pangea splitting apart

Front 4

Extinction

Back 4

-If the species is extinct from everywhere on the planet, it’s a true extinction (global extinction). The Golden Bear (sub-species) is extinct world wide. Golden bears are locally extinct for California and the subspecies is globally extinct. The species grizzly is not extinct though.) Grizzlies are locally extinct in California and the sub species of grizzly: the golden bear is a true extinction.

Front 5

Microevolution

Back 5

- Mechanism of how a new species evolves. Mechanisms of mutations and how they are inherited; how genes flow (Lecture 8)

Front 6

Emigration

Back 6

- A population leaving a place and moving into another. Can sometimes confuse people into thinking its (local) extinction

Front 7

Origination-

Back 7

Not to be mistaken with immigration. Organism did not exist before this time, but originated. Also, this has to happinnly one place(Lecture 9)

Front 8

Immigration

Back 8

- A population entering a place (can confuse into origination)

Front 9

Acanthostega

Back 9

late Devonian; one of the first tetrapods, had 8 fingers. Lecture 13. has certain features which suggest they are aquatic. Most basal vertebrate with limbs.

It had eight digits on each hand (the number of digits on the feet is unclear) linked by webbing, it lacked wrists, and was generally poorly adapted to come onto land. Acanthostega also had a remarkably fish-like shoulder and forelimb.[2] The front foot of Acanthostega could not bend forward at the elbow, and thus could not be brought into a weight bearing position, appearing to be more suitable for paddling or for holding on to aquatic plants. It had lungs, but its ribs were too short to give support to its chest cavity out of water, and it also had gills which were internal and covered like those of fish, not external and naked like those of some modern amphibians which are almost wholly aquatic.[1] Acanthostega is the first tetrapod to show the shift in locomotory dominance from the pectoral to pelvic girdle.

Front 10

Alpaca

Back 10

Think about this term in regard to the scaling effect/aspect ratio. Overheating/overcooling scenario. Overheating if too large. Overcooling if too small. Lecture 12

Front 11

Archaeopteryx

Back 11

Oldest bird (first), late Jurassic, 10 species in between land dinos and flying dinos. Hyperextension=feature of deinochyus, common with archaeopteryx, used to define birds.

It has long been accepted that Archaeopteryx was a transitional form between birds and reptiles, and that it is the earliest known bird. Lately, scientists have realized that it bears even more resemblance to its ancestors, the Maniraptora, than to modern birds; providing a strong phylogenetic link between the two groups. It is one of the most important fossils ever discovered.

Unlike all living birds, Archaeopteryx had a full set of teeth, a rather flat sternum ("breastbone"), a long, bony tail, gastralia ("belly ribs"), and three claws on the wing which could have still been used to grasp prey (or maybe trees). However, its feathers, wings, furcula ("wishbone") and reduced fingers are all characteristics of modern birds.

Front 12

-Carcharodontosaurid

Back 12

ecture 10, This along with Gigantosaurus and Acrocanthosaurus all came from the same parental species (allosauroidea) when Pangea was together and then when it split they speciated. (See Vicariance Biogeography). Carcharodontosaurids included some of the largest land predators ever known

Hint 12

http://home.comcast.net/~theropod-archives/images/Carnivores.jpg

Front 13

-Ceratopsian-

Back 13

horned dinosaur; led to the tricerytops . given an example of dispersal biogeography (Feathered in phylogeny separate from therapods)

Hint 13

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_wClT5Vz6QIk/S-n1r3dxCJI/AAAAAAAAAAM/f5VtFi_XMSw/s1600/New_Dino.jpg

Front 14

Confusiusornis

Back 14

Shorter tail(pygostyle), closer to living birds/ dino-bird transition. (toothless beak) from the early cretacious

Hint 14

http://www.kidsdinos.com/images/dinosaurs/Confuciusornis1140553650.jpg

Front 15

-Cycads

Back 15

Vascular, seed plant, gymnosperm

Hint 15

http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/national/dinosaur-stampede/lark-quarry/images/print-cycad.jpg

Front 16

Glossopteriids

Back 16

Lecture 15 - globally distributed plant. Basis for plate tectonic hypothesis. (came between gymnosperms and angiosperms)
The rapid appearance, expansion, and relatively quick extinction of this group, as well as the large number of species, has made the group very important for understanding paleobiogeography, specifically in the recognition of areas that were once connected together, but are now separated through the action of continental drift. As a result, there is a wealth of descriptive literature available on glossopterids. However, most of the available fossils are sterile leaves lying unattached to stems, and so a number of species which have been described are not well differentiated, and few are known from distinctive reproductive structures. This makes it difficult to be certain of the actual number of species.

Front 17

Hornworts or Liverworts

Back 17

first land plants

Front 18

-Horsetails

Back 18

Vascular plants, reproduce by spores

Front 19

Ichthyostega

Back 19

late Devonian; one of the first tetrapods. Has 7 fingers. Ichthyostega possessed lungs and limbs that helped it navigate through shallow water in swamps.

Front 20

Microraptor

Back 20

4-winged Dinosaur (looks like a bird), glided? separate branch in phylogeny from actual birds. It has been proposed that the animal glided and probably lived mainly in trees, because the hind wings anchored to the feet of Microraptor would have hindered their ability to run on the ground.

Front 21

-Mosses-

Back 21

Lycopod (giant club moss) grew tall because of vascular system - Tracheid
They commonly grow close together in clumps or mats in damp or shady locations. They do not have flowers or seeds, and their simple leaves cover the thin wiry stems. At certain times mosses produce spore capsules which may appear as beak-like capsules borne aloft on thin stalks.

Front 22

-Osteolepiformes-

Back 22

Devonian; Muscular arm on fish. First to have choana (posterior nasal aperture). Could be important in the transformation to the tetrapods on land

Front 23

-Pterosaur

Back 23

Good at flying slowly without stalling

http://www.modernpterosaur.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Kuhn-ptr-1-03.jpg

Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings were formed by a membrane of skin, muscle, and other tissues stretching from the legs to a dramatically lengthened fourth finger. Early species had long, fully toothed jaws and long tails, while later forms had a highly reduced tail, and some lacked teeth.

Front 24

-Rahonavis-

Back 24

small bird-like dinosaur from late Cretaceous that had the hyperextensible toe (velociraptor talon), long tail

Front 25

Seed plants

Back 25

Dry, Early Permian, High latitude

Front 26

Spore plants

Back 26

Wet, Tropical, Early Carboniferous

Front 27

Tiktaalik

Back 27

Devonian; shoulder separation. also pelvis attached to hip. Tiktaalik's "fins" have basic wrist bones and simple rays reminiscent of fingers. The homology of these is uncertain; there have been suggestions that they are homologous to digits, although this is incompatible with the digital arch developmental model because digits are supposed to be postaxial structures, and only three of the (reconstructed) eight rays of Tiktaalik are post-axial[10]. They may have been weight bearing. Close examination of the joints show that although they probably were not used to walk, they were more than likely used to prop up the creature’s body, push up fashion.[4] The bones of the fore fins show large muscle facets, suggesting that the fin was both muscular and had the ability to flex like a wrist joint. These wrist-like features would have helped anchor the creature to the bottom in fast moving current

Front 28

Cambrian

Back 28

The Cambrian Period marks an important point in the history of life on earth; it is the time when most of the major groups of animals first appear in the fossil record. This event is sometimes called the "Cambrian Explosion", because of the relatively short time over which this diversity of forms appears. It was once thought that the Cambrian rocks contained the first and oldest fossil animals

Front 29

Carboniferous

Back 29

Big trees- swamps and marshes, very humid and hot environment. this is where most of our coal came from.

Front 30

Devonian-

Back 30

Appearance of lobe finned fish and subsequently the first vertebrates with limbs.

The Devonian period experienced the first significant adaptive radiation of terrestrial life. The first seed-bearing plants spread across dry land. Since terrestrial herbivores had not yet appeared, they formed extensive forests which covered the continents. The first ray finned and lobe-finned bony fish also appeared. The pectoral and pelvic fins of lobe-finned fish evolved into legs[6] as they started to walk on land as tetrapods around 397 million years ago.[7] They would become the ancestors to early amphibians. Various terrestrial arthropods also became well-established.
In the oceans, primitive sharks became more numerous than in the Silurian and the late Ordovician. The first ammonite mollusks appeared. Trilobites, the mollusc-like brachiopods, as well as great coral reefs were still common. The Late Devonian extinction severely affected marine life.

Front 31

Ordovician-

Back 31

First land plant.
The Ordovician is best known for the presence of its diverse marine invertebrates, including graptolites, trilobites, brachiopods, and the conodonts (early vertebrates). A typical marine community consisted of these animals, plus red and green algae, primitive fish, cephalopods, corals, crinoids, and gastropods. More recently, there has been found evidence of tetrahedral spores that are similar to those of primitive land plants, suggesting that plants invaded the land at this time.

Front 32

Phanerozoic-

Back 32

The current Eon, also the one with the most abundance of animal life. The Phanerozoic Eon is shown along the top left side of this figure and represents the time during which the majority of macroscopic organisms, algal, fungal, plant and animal, lived. his eon coincides with the appearance of animals that evolved external skeletons, like shells, and the somewhat later animals that formed internal skeletons, such as the bony elements of vertebrates.

Front 33

Silurian

Back 33

In this period the first vascular plants emerged (like Cooksonia).
The Silurian witnessed a relative stabilization of the earth's general climate, ending the previous pattern of erratic climatic fluctuations. One result of these changes was the melting of large glacial formations. This contributed to a substantial rise in the levels of the major seas.

Coral reefs made their first appearance during this time, and the Silurian was also a remarkable time in the evolution of fishes. Not only does this time period mark the wide and rapid spread of jawless fish, but also the highly significant appearances of both the first known freshwater fish as well as the first fish with jaws. It is also at this time that our first good evidence of life on land is preserved, including relatives of spiders and centipedes, and also the earliest fossils of vascular plants.

Front 34

Triassic

Back 34

Conifers. In many ways, the Triassic was a time of transition. It was at this time that the world-continent of Pangaea existed, altering global climate and ocean circulation. The Triassic also follows the largest extinction event in the history of life, and so is a time when the survivors of that event spread and recolonized.

The organisms of the Triassic can be considered to belong to one of three groups: holdovers from the Permo-Triassic extinction, new groups which flourished briefly, and new groups which went on to dominate the Mesozoic world. The holdovers included the lycophytes, glossopterids, and dicynodonts. While those that went on to dominate the Mesozoic world include modern conifers, cycadeoids, and the dinosaurs.