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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which major groups were available to Owen?
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Ornithopoda, Ankylosauria, Theropoda
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What is the general picture of dinosaur phylogeny?
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Know what they generally looked like:
Pachycephalosauria: headbutting dinos with large, round skull Ceratopsia: extra bones for beak, horns Ornithopoda: long with fish like back Ankylosauria: lots of bones in back |
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Stegosauria
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too large so it eventually became quadrapedal
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Theropoda
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delicate animal eating small animals
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Was there a herbivorous theropod dinosaur
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yes
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How warm were large dinosaurs?
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Heat generation proportional to volume
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What are ichnofossils?
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fossilized traces of organisms, but not the organisms themselves
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What are the major types of trace fossils?
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Trackways, coprolites, ejecta, nests/burrows
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What can trackway fossils tell us?
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walking/running speed (stride length/leg length), animals walk differently, food motion, posture, group behavior - not likely, body ass (single footprint problem)
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What can coprolite and ejecta tell us?
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can tell diet - if they were herbivores or carniverous,
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What can burrow and nest fossils tell us?
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Nest, ovary number, egg number, parental care, burrow, posture,
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What are mammals and when did they appear?
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defined by three groups: monotremata, marsupalia, placentalia - did not appear until after dinosaurs went extinct (Early Jurassic)
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What are the four major stages of synapsid evolution, and mammal-like reptiles?
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Synapsida -> Therapsida -> Cynodontia -> Mammaliaformes
Mammal-like reptiles: diapsida & anapsida |
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What are pelycosaurs (synapsida) and when did they appear?
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In the Late Carboneferous - wet and warm enough for growth and leaving coals. THey're early forms of synapsids. Tiny head, giant body with fan like structures for cooling and heating up quickly
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What are therapsids and when did that appear?
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In dry, high lattitude places during the Permian. Skulls are less reptilian and more mammalian with a shorter tail. body posture has more height and stomach is lifted off the ground. Giant head for herbivory. Stronger, larger jaws
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What are cynodonts and when did they appear?
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has a lumbar area (no ribs in trunk) that allows body to bend for simultaneous breathing and running. shorter tail and a more erect posture. Exhibits decreasing number of bones in jaw (7 in reptiles ->4 in cynodont -> 1 in humans). Discovered in early triassic
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What characters evolve gradually toward mammals?
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posture changed from sprawling to more erect
teeth later became canine teeth lumbar appeared and was retained after the permian extinction secondary palate appeared - wall between nose and oral allowed chewing while breathing "third eye" - pineal foramen can detect light at top of head: increasingly larger brain meant smaller opening Basically: locomotion, food processing, senses, metabolism |
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What are the closest relatives of primates?
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tree shrews are closest. Both primates and tree shrews and related to rodents and rabbits.
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What are the earliest primates/ how early were they?
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Pleisidapsis
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What are the major groups of primates?
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Apes (hominids) -> monkeys (anthropoids), prosimians-> euprimates (true primates)
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How are great apes related to each other?
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I don't know
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How do we define hominids?
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all species more closely related to humans than chimpanzies are called Hominidae
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What are the oldest hominids/how old are they?
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salenhathropus (7 ma)
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How many hominid species have there been?
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9 species
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What are the major features in human evolution?
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gorrilaz walked on their knucles and their kees were farther apart. Longer thumbs with older primates. Height has increased over time. larger brain size and a more circular cavity in the pelvis in humans.
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How many lineages of marine reptiles were there?
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3 major groups:
1st biggest: Sauropterygians --> placodonts and plesiosaurs 2ns biggest: Ichthyosaurs 3rd bigest: mosassaurs Thalattosuchians, Sea turtles, thalattosaurs, pleurosaurs are a few others A little more than a dozen total |
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When did marine reptiles emerge?
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They emerged at 5 different times when the sea was warm.
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What were the major swimming modes?
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4 categories:
which body part is based on propulsion: tail vs. limbs Constant swimming & pursuit vs. Ambush type tail + constant swimming, tail + ambush type, limbs + ambush, & limbs + ambush long neck Pleaurisaurs doen't fall under a catgeory: not as good as a swimmer compared to short neck…long neck is meant for prey capture so not much pursuit going on…difficult to classify |
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What were the major feeding styles?
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Piercing, general, cut, crush, crunch, mash
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How common were shell eaters?
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very common
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What was the largest marine reptile?
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ichtyosaurs
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What is a mass extinction?
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Nearly (or geologically) simultaneous disappearance of a large percentage of the species from the Earth surface. GLobal phenomenon + catastrophic
End Permian extinction was worst |
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What are five major mass extinction events?
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End Ordovician, Frasnian-Famenian, end permian, end triassic, KT
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What is the evidence of bolide impacts?
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Iridium, shocked quartz, spherule & tektite, crater
Iridium - extraterrestrial or deep in earth: clay residues indicate a sharp spike in iridium Shocked quartz - very hard material: flattened quartz indicates very hard impact (like from a meteor) Spherule & tektite - spherule: small pieces of molten that traveled fast to cool down quickly forming small spheres; tektite: large chunks that cooled down slowly and didn't travel far (high conc found in Haiti) Crater found beneath surface of Mexican peninsula and gulf of mexico via gravity anomaly - Crater partially cut off bc of a geographic fault Black layer at KT boundary due to EVERYTHING BURNING Microwave summer from ejecta Acid rain from sulfur products of EVERYTHING BURNING Nuclear winter from sun shield Soot covered atmosphere and blocked sunlight from EVERYTHING BURNING - therefore no heat supply for agriculture and warmth |
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what is the evidence of massive volcanisms
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plume unable to escape from underground due to lack of cracks in the surface resulted in a SUPER PLUME that created Flood Basalt (lava floods). Sedimentary rocks show layers of rock that didn't form gradually over time but in a MASS
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what other factors are involved
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sea level change, sea current change, greenhouse effect
sea level: lower levels can affect food web by affecting bottom production sea curent: can affect global climate, temp, food availability greenhouse effect: leads to higher temperature |
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what went extinct and what survived in the K/T extinction event
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Survivors: cold-blooded Amphibians, reptiles, warmblooded birds, mammals
Losers: dinosaurs, marine reptiles, ammonites, belemites |
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are we causing a mass extinction
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CO2 conc has gone up since industrial revolution
Gradual increase in average temp Rising sea levels with melting polar ice |
