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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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aristotle about males and females
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females: passive, emotional, cold, menses: not quite fully concoted genital blood, infertile
males: active, rational, hot, semen: fully concocted, fertile |
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galen
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seed from right testis creates a boy
seed from left, full of residues and watery, creates a girl |
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chinese lunar gender calendar
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calculates using month of conception and woman's age at conception
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pre-implantation; pre-conceptual
at home methods |
'How to choose the sex of your baby' Shettles
assumes the x-bearing sperm swim slower, but live longer, while Y bearing sperm swim faster but do not live as long |
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shettles: scrotal temperature
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for male: keep it cool
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shettles:sexual position
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male: deep penetration, vaginal penetration from rear
female: shallow penetration, missionary position |
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shettles: timing
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male: intercourse at or near ovulation
female: intercourse 2-4 days prior to ovulation |
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shettles:during intercourse
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male: try to have orgasm before or with partner, multiple female orgasms
female: woman should avoid having orgasms during intercourse |
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does shettles work?
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no.
the timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation has no influence on the sex of the baby |
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ericsson method
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sperm spnning
semen added on top of gradient of human serum albumin in tube sperm closest to bottom are collected and used for artificial insemination. y sperm reach bottom before x sperm |
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microsort
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sperm containing x chromosome have 3% more DNA than sperm containing Y chromosome
use a fluorescent robe that binds to NA to separate X bearing sperm (bright) from Y bearing sperm (less bright) |
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post conceptual: preimplantation
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PGD: embryo biopsy and genetic testing to choose embryo
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post implantation: prenatal methods: CVS
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harvest cells from a part of the placenta called the chorionic villi
typically performed between 11 and 12 weeks of pregnancy |
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post implantation: prenatal methods: ultrasound
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11-13 weeks of fetal life
less invasive than CVS 97% accuracy at 13 weeks |
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amniocentesis
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performed between 15-20 weeks of fetal life
extract a small amt of amniotic fluid non-invasive procedure for couples who do not want to risk miscarriage prenatal diagnosis for x-linked disorders |
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how did the baby gender mentor work?
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expectant mother pricks finger to draw a small drop of blood, test detects cells from the fetus in the mother's blood
claimed 99.9% accuracy (2005) |
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did the baby gender mentor work?
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nope.
class-action filed against Acu-Gen Biolab (baby gender mentor people) in 2006 at least 40 cases in which the sex of the baby did not match the sex predicted by the kit in some cases, acu-gen's president contacted expecting mothers and informed them their babies had chromosomal defects, when there were none |
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post-birth methods: infanticide
who is more vulnerable? |
females
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male: female ratio in 2004
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50.4% males worldwide
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why are figures of sex ratio at birth difficult to obtain?
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home births
lack of vital statistics registration births of unwanted infants |
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sex ratio at birth
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105-107 male births for every 100 female births
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what are the proposed biological explanations for documented increase in male births after WWI, WWWII, Korean War, and Vietnam War
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stress to adult males, affecting the viability of Y-bearing sperm vs. X-bearing sperm
higher frequency of intercourse, leading to conception early in the menstrual cycle evolutionary explanation: adaptive equilibrium after decimation of males |
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population sex ratio depends on what 3 factors
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sex ratio at birth
differential mortality rates between sexes losses and gains through migration |
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figures taken from ___________ more reliable than sex ratio at birth
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census
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population sex ratio=
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total number of males for every 100 females in the population
between 97.9 and 100.3 |
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sex ratio at birth favors
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males
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differential gender mortality favors
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females
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why are sons preferred in many countries?
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higher wage-earning capacity (especially in agrarian economies)
continue the family line recipients of inheritance |
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why are girls an economic burden?
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dowry system
after marriage, they become part of their husband's family, not responsible anymore for their parents |
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combining sex-selective _________ and a ______-family culture causes the highest sex-ratio
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combining sex-selective TECHNOLOGY and a SMALL-family culture causes the highest sex-ratio
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higher female mortality postnatally through
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neglect and unequal access to health care
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prenatal sex determination and sex selective abortion are _________ in India and China
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illegal, yet continue on a large scale
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South Korea's sex ratio in 1992
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114
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sex ratio for fourth birth in South Korea was
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229
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________________ campaign and _________ forbidding sex selection resulted in sex ratio of 110 in 2004 in South Korea
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PUBLIC AWARENESS campaign and STRICT LAWS forbidding sex selection resulted in sex ratio of 110 in 2004 in South Korea
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what about sex preferences in the united states?
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for first child: prefer boy
for 2nd and 3rd children: prefer sex that wasn't had already(so if first was boy, preference for second child is girl) |
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What is the only continent with a sex ratio > 100
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Asia in 2001 had sex ratio 104
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North America's sex ratio
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96.8
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Number of missing females by country, in millions
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China> India> Pakistan> Bangladesh> Iran > Afghanistan >Taiwan >South Korea
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social consequences of high sex ratio
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excess of males
in china 94% of unmarried ppl age 28-49 are males, 97% have not completed high school shortage of women-> marry up-> no marriage prospect for least desirable men ->increased violence&homicide rates |
