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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 major causes of nosocomial infection emergence
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1. antimicrobial use
2. failure of staff to adhere to basic infection control procedures 3. increasing # of immunocompromised patients |
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Nosocomial burden of disease
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1 in 10 hospital patients acquire infection
1 in 3 ICU patients acquire infection |
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4 steps to take against nosocomial infections
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1. increased surveillance
2. improve design of invasive devices 3. Ensure personnel follow infection control procedures 4. prevent overuse of antibiotics |
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3 methods of developing antimicrobial resistance (video)
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1. mutation
2. destruction or innactivation 3. efflux |
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Efflux
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process by which bacteria actively pump out antibacterial substances
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Destruction or inactivation (video)
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process by which bacteria produces enzymes or other material that degrades antimicrobial drug
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3 methods of genetic transfer (video)
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1. Conjugation
2. transformation 3. transduction |
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process of conjugation (video)
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Transfer of circular plasmid DNA by pili
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process of bacterial transformation (video)
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Bacteria takes of naked DNA from environment
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process of transduction (video)
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bacteria passes genetic material to virus which infects other bacteria
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Description of Case series
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study type with 2 or more patients with same disease or have undergone same procedure
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Definition of effectiveness
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Whether or not the drug achieves the desired effect in real-world use
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Definition of efficacy
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does the drug / treatment work?
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Definition of pharmacoepidemiology
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the study of the use of and effects of drugs in large numbers of people
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2 Types of adverse drug reactions (ADR)
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Type A
Type B |
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Type A drug reaction
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expected exaggerations of a drug’s known pharmacologic effects.
usually dose-dependent, predictable, and preventable. |
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Type B drug reaction
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drug reaction that is unrelated to known action of drug
unrelated to dose, are unpredictable and uncommon |
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Passive Surveillance
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Surveillance that is initiated by healthcare-provider
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Active Surveillance
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Surveillance that is initiated by health department
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Sentinel Surveillance
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Surveillance where a few doctors or hospitals agree to report all cases of one or more given conditions
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Syndromic Surveillance
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Surveillance using minimally specific case criteria
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