Gcc120 Test 1

Front 1

How thick is continental crust

Back 1

25-70km

Front 2

How think is oceanic crust

Back 2

7-10km

Front 3

What is the base of the crust where the mantle and crust meet?

Back 3

Moho

Front 4

How thick is the lithosphere

Back 4

150km

Front 5

Distance to the center of the Earth?

Back 5

6370km

Front 6

Isostancy

Back 6

floating balance of lithosphere on the asthenosphere

Front 7

Composition of asthenosphere?

Back 7

ultramfic (paridatite)

Front 8

Two reasons why the Earth is hot?

Back 8

inital heat of formation and radioactive decay

Front 9

Geothermal gradient

Back 9

15-50 deg C / km

Front 10

Earth's crust composition

Back 10

O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K

Front 11

A mineral is

Back 11

Homogenous, naturally occurring, inorganice, solid, definite chemical composition, ordered internal molecular structure

Front 12

Rock

Back 12

A solid aggregate of minerals

Front 13

Physical properties of minerals

Back 13

color, luster (metalic, non-metalic), streak, hardness, cleavage, magnetic?, effervess, specific gravity, flourecense, crystal form

Front 14

Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Back 14

Basic building block of all silicate minerals

Front 15

How do minerals form?

Back 15

1) Crystalize from a melt
2) Precipitate from a super saturate solution
3) Solid state diffusion (metamorphosis)

Front 16

Bowmen's reaction series

Back 16

From High T, Mafic, Simple
To Lower T, Complex, Felsic

Front 17

Extrusive

Back 17

explosion from a volcano

Front 18

Intrusive

Back 18

Cools underground in magma chamber

Front 19

How do we melt rock?

Back 19

Decompression melting (happens @ mid ocean ridges)

Front 20

Partial Melting

Back 20

enriches the magma in silicia

Front 21

Weathering

Back 21

breakdown of pre-existing rocks

Front 22

Polymorph

Back 22

minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystaline structures (eg graphite and diamond)

Front 23

Conchoidal fracture

Back 23

Doesn't cleave

Front 24

What are the silicate mineral groups?

Back 24

Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, micas, feldspars, quartz

Front 25

What is the silicate structure of olivine?

Back 25

single tetrahedron

Front 26

What is the silicate structure of pyroxene?

Back 26

Single chains

Front 27

What is the silicate structure of amphibole?

Back 27

Double chains

Front 28

What is the silicate structure of mica?

Back 28

sheets

Front 29

What is the silicate structure of feldspars?

Back 29

3d networks

Front 30

What is the silicate structure of quartz?

Back 30

3d networks

Front 31

Volatiles in magma

Back 31

disolved gasses in the melt

Front 32

What are the three ways to melt rock and produce magma?

Back 32

1) Melting due to decrease in pressure
2) Melting due to addition of volatiles
3) Melting due to additional heat

Front 33

Viscosity

Back 33

resistance to flow

Front 34

Fractional Crystalization

Back 34

mafic minerals solidify at a higher temperature than silicic minerals

Front 35

What factors affect crystal size of cooling magma?

Back 35

1) rate of cooling
2) percent of silica
3) disolved gases

Front 36

Magmas higher in silica are more or less viscous?

Back 36

More viscous (resistant to flow)

Front 37

A course grain igneous rock indicates

Back 37

intrusive (it cooled inside slowly to grow larger crystals)

Front 38

Fine grained granite is called?

Back 38

Rhyolite

Front 39

Fine grained diorite is called?

Back 39

Andesite

Front 40

Fine grained basalt is called?

Back 40

Gabbro

Front 41

Fine grained peridotite is called?

Back 41

Komatite

Front 42

Xenoliths

Back 42

Foreign rocks inside an igneous rock

Front 43

Dike

Back 43

Verticle magma flows

Front 44

Stock

Back 44

The line of magma feeding a volcano

Front 45

Volcanic neck

Back 45

The stock exposed after the magma has cooled and weathering has occured

Front 46

Sill

Back 46

Horizontal magma flows

Front 47

Pluton

Back 47

Large pocket of magma

Front 48

Batholith

Back 48

Very Large pocket of magma

Front 49

What are the types of volcanoes?

Back 49

Shield, stratovolcanoes or composite, cinder (pyroclastic) cones, plug domes (rhyolite dome), lava plateaus, calderas

Front 50

What is the largest type of volcano?

Back 50

Shield

Front 51

What are two well known stratovolcano (composite volcano)?

Back 51

Mt. Fuji, Mt. St. Helenes

Front 52

What is a caldera?

Back 52

collapsed volcano that might fill with water

Front 53

What are the sedimentary stages of the rock cycle?

Back 53

weather, erosion, transportation, deposition (sedimentation), burial, lithification

Front 54

What are the stages of lithification?

Back 54

compaction, cementation, recrystalization

Front 55

Two types of sandstone are?

Back 55

quartz arenite (think white beach), arkose (feldspar, think desert)

Front 56

Types of metamorphism?

Back 56

contact and regional

Front 57

Protolith

Back 57

parent rock that forms a metamorphic rock

Front 58

Foliated

Back 58

vertical layers (gouping of common minerals) in metamorphic rock

Front 59

Three factors of metamorphism?

Back 59

Temp, Pressure, fluids

Front 60

Types of sedimentary rocks

Back 60

Clastic, biochemical, chemical

Front 61

Types of clastic sedimentary rocks

Back 61

conglomerate, breccia, sandstone, silstone, shale, mudstone

Front 62

Types of biochemical sedimentary rocks

Back 62

limestone, fossiliferous limestone, chert, coal

Front 63

Types of chemical sedimentary rocks

Back 63

halite, chert, travertine

Front 64

What rocks form slate?

Back 64

shale or mudstone

Front 65

Types of metamorphic rocks

Back 65

slate, schist, gneiss, marble, quartzite

Front 66

Foliated metamorphic rocks

Back 66

slate, schist, gneiss

Front 67

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks

Back 67

marble, quartzite

Front 68

Marble comes from?

Back 68

limestone