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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Training can be basic, job specific, or in-depth. Yet it should always include (5):
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location of medical office, directions for emergency equipment, emergency signals/meanings, benefits under workers' comp laws, safety rules, duties and rights under OSHA, necessity of strict warning signs
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How to continually maintain awareness for safety programs (6):
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posters (but too many are disregarded), fliers in pay slips (but many don't receive pay slips now), display lost time due to injuries, company newsletter, small give aways, free food for accident free depts.
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3 Things that Government Agencies Responsible for in regards to safety and the environment
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Personnel, workplace, natural
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NFPA decides fire extinguisher stuff
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UL: light, local enforcer of fire hazards is the fire marshal
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OSHA established in ?
Requires agency provide ? environment for employees. |
1970.
SAFE |
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PPE examples (6)
ALL REGULATED BY OSHA |
-ear protection
-eye protection -breathing protection -head protection -hand protection -foot protection |
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What is the CIT?
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Critical Incident Technique is a reviewer who investigates accidents to find difficulties, errors, and mistakes. Same result as a series of accident investigtations: ID thru personal involvement of harzards that could result in injury/damage.
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Why are safety rules needed?
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Because hazards that cannot be eliminated should be controlled via design and procedural means.
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Criteria to be observed when preparing safety rules (5)?
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-# of general rules should be minimal
-rules for a participating operation should be included in procedures -rules should be clear -use only rules that are necessary -use only rules that are strickly enforced |
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Are safety rules that are not enforced of any value?
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No, they hurt other rule too, because employees assume those rules won't be enforced either
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What are some problems encontered when safety survey questions are to be answered in writing?
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bias due to poor reading level, not wanting to write much, language barriers, able to simply toss down answers
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Describe some other types of employee participation in accident prevention programs.
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Interviews (CIT), questionnaries, suggest programs (suggestion box), safety committees
union participation, safety training |
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Tell some of the stages of safety training that should be undertaken.
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starting with new employees and continued thru employement, indoctrination of safety matters, in-depth training, maintain awareness (posters, etc)
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What types of in-depth training are required?
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contruction: OSHA requires 1st aid from US Bureau of Mines or Red Cross, employees in other dangerous fields like sandblasting.
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What are principal duties of safety committees (9)?
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-promote accident prevention
-assisting safety engineer in investigating safety deficiency -assisting safety engineer in finding cause of accidents/near misses -review/discuss findings of investigating board -make inspection tours to determine if rules are followed -make recommendations/modifications of company safety rules -assist safety engineer in training new employees -select accident free depts -assist safety engineer in selecting posters, etc used in accident prevention |
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List 10 ways in which awareness can be maintained.
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-Billboards/posters
-folders/booklets from safety organizations given to employees as enter plant -slips w/ safety info included w/ paychecks -safety displays in break/lunch areas -articles/photos regarding safety matters -large ads in company newspaper -auto projectors showing continuous slides of safety info -placemats/napkins w/ interesting safety msgs -members of accident free depts awarded at lunch/break in public -accident prevention competitions between depts |
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What are the elements of BBS?
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Behavioral Based Safety elements include: rely on learning/motivations thru stimulus/response-conditioning-generalization,
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Why is management support necessary for safety engineer to accomplish his/her job?
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Safety engineers/managers are more often being looked at for blame of accidents. Having manager support can protect the engineer from managerial/legal punishment.
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Can a manager delegate all responsibility for safety to a lesser manager, safety engineer, consultant, or other person?
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They can delegate tasks to others, but not RESPONSIBILITY to others according to the supreme court in US vs Park (1975).
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Can a manager be fined for a violation of an OSHA or state standard?
be cited in a civil lawsuit? be cited in a criminal lawsuit due to accident? |
Yes to all! Managers can be given jail time, fines and other punishment.
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How can managers show they are concerned with accident prevention?
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practice themselves, establish programs,
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Describe what would happen if managers/supervisors were lax in prescribing safety/work rules, need of PPE, or a safe environment?
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Accidents will happen, safety will not be taken seriously. Foreseeability (was resaonable effort made to anticipate the accident) and Prudence (was action taken by management reasonable and prudent? reasonable being: curling iron: do not use while sleeping) will be applied if sent to court.
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Why is the foreman/first line supervisor key to an accident prevention program?
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He ensures that safety rules are being followed properly.
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Why are procedural safeguard less satisfactory than good designs as safeguards? What have OSHA/court said about this?
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Procedural depends on employees following directions by managers and depend on foreman to enforce those directions from management. Management used to say safety device implementing was based on: economic, local codes, litigation (past/present), and employee/union relations. Ultimately cost is the deciding factor according to managers, but Courts and OSHA say that human life cannot be placed with a price tag.
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List 5 operations often considered extra hazardous.
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-handling toxic, explosive, flammable materials
-service dangerous equipment |
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List 5 ways a manager can have an effective safety program.
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-Check reported dangerous conditions
-Issure work rules/operating procedures for safe conduct -Continual Safety tarning -Ensure good housekeeping, correct operations, inspections, clear of unnecessary hazards, etc occur -Establish a program and audit activities |
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Discuss how 8 submanagers of a large company might participate in its safety program.
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-Personnel: ensure workers are trained
-Medical: ensures employees incapable due to mental/physical problems are not employeed -Security: ensures emergency exits aren't blocked -Legal: ensures all managers are aware of latest laws -Records: ensures that data is recorded to spot trends in accidents -Plant maintence: ensures good housekeeping -Production: ensures that unsafe practices are not permitted -Employee Relations: ensures employee suggestions/complaints with safety are evaluated |
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List some causes of accidents that might be traced back to managers.
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-Poor housekeeping
-Improper use of tools -Unsafe, defective equipment -lack of proper procedures -improvising unsafe procedures -failure to follow prescribed procedures |
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An executive with responsibility and authority to prevent a violation but fails to do so still cannot be held criminally liable: T/F?
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FALSE. They CAN be held liable.
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Four factors that USE TO be considered for safety devices:
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economic, local codes, litigation (past/present), employee/union relations
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Safety Engineers should ensure (7):
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1) to comply with OSHA standards
2) Permit systems are instituted for operations w/ special care 3) Hazardous operations are conducted only in designated areas. 4) Operations are forbidden while winds, etc could endanger personnel 5) Open flame/unprotected electrical equipment are not permitted in areas of flammability 6) Exits are marked clearly 7) # of employees does not succeed safety devices |
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Personnel should ensure (5):
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1) Physical, psychological stresses, etc are avoided in unsafe areas
2) Programs are instituted to qualify/certified workers 3) Only certified personnel to undertake any hazardous operations 4) No person is REQUIRED to preform dangerous operations 5) Certification programs include training/testing safety subjects |
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PPE is used to (2):
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avoid injury to body, safeguard workers in event of accidents
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Safety Information Systems are used to (2):
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determine if safety program is adequate to meet stated goals/objectives, accept, eliminate, or control risks on a reasonable/prudent basis.
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Types of Fires:
Triangle |
A (ash)
-regular, combustable -water extinguishers |
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Types of Fires:
square |
B (boil)
-flammable, combustable -liquids/gases -CO2 Extinguishers |
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Types of Fires:
Circle |
C (curcuit)
electrical fires |
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Types of Fires:
Star |
D (other metals-metals are dirty)
-burning metal -more difficult to extinguish -burn at high temps -water would cause larger fire -smoother via removing oxidizer (air) |
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Block out/Tag out is a method of ____.
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De-energizing a system. Turn off, lock out of power, then TAG OUT, place tag w/ reason for being off on box that permits power. BLOCK OUT literally lock it.
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MSDS Handout tells you (2):
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What to do if you get the substance in your eye (etc)
How to extinguish the substance |
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Natural Environment Includes (5):
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-water
-air -solid waste -noise/smell pollution -radiation -acceptable levels of omission OSHA sets these things (work place, enviornment, personal environment) EPA: sets things for NATURAL ENIVIRONMENT |
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Hazards should be controlled via design if unable to eliminate.
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Procedural: relying on employees to preform safely
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Total Safety Culture includes (3):
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-person (knowledge/skills)
-environment (equipment/tools) -behavior (safe/unsafe practices) |
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Total Safety Culture is based on 10 principles:
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1. culture, NOT OSHA, should drive practices
2. BBS and Person Based determine success 3. Focus on process, not outcome 4. Behavior is directed by activators, motivated by consequences 5. Focus on acheiveing success, NOT avoiding failure 6. Observation and feedback lead to safety 7 Effective feedback occurs via behavior/person based coaching 8. Observing/Coaching are key 9. Self-esteem, belonging, empowerment increase caring for safety 10. Shift safety from priority to a value. |
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Appraising Hazards (7):
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-forseeability (know how to control them)
-can be done in new/existing plants -easier in new plants, review hazards before construction or machines -consult building codes/regulatory agency standards -map out high, med, low hazard areas (require access codes for high areas) -use checklist as guide to assist in safety inspection -inspect high/med hazard areas more frequently |
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Appraisal data: Qualitative, Quantitative
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Qualitative: subjective data incorporating opinions (info from surveys)
Quantitative: after fact data, includes states, frequency, severity rates Best gathered over time. often gathered after accident has already happened. INSURANCE COMPANIES USED QUANTITATIVE DATA, safety and compliance use it too |
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What are 3 problems with Quantitative Data:
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omitting incidents, presenter of data can bias, operating circumstances don't remain constant.
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Quantitative Data is used to calculate (3)/Who uses the data/What is thought to be most dangerous job?
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OSHA uses the data to find:
-Accident frequency rate -injury " " -injury severity rate **farming is thought to be one of the most dangerous professions |
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Appraisal of hazards makes the risk assessable using: 2 methods (explain them too)
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Relative Method: likeret, relative scale
Probabilities Method: 1 in 1000 chances of getting sick |
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Problems with Probabilities Method (Method for hazard appraisal)
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-uncontrolled variables can skew predictions
-estimates are usually lower than reality -voluntary/involuntary acceptance of risk (plane crash involuntary, skydiving voluntary) *People more freely accept voluntary risk, but people often don't even consider the risk |
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Hazards and their risk must be appraised, managed, and communicated to ___ and ___ as required by ____.
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workers, community
OSHA *Hazard communication standard (OSHA) *Emergency planning & community right to know act (EPA) |
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What organizations make plant safety inspections and appraisals?
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National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) issues documents for managers to use when inspecting.
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How soon should consideration for plant safety and appraisals begin?
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LONG before construction. during design period
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Cite some features of an individual plant that a safety engineer should review during the design stage.
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Legal requirements, safety designs
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What are the benefits of quantitative appraisals? How are they compared to qualitative appraisals? can either be made without the other?
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Quantitative benefits:
based on past numbers so it's realistic data Qualitative benefits: no injuries have occurred yet, this is more of a prevenative method Yes, they can be made w/o each other |
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Describe how safety inspection should be made to appraise the status of a plant's safety.
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ADD
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How safety be measured?
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Qualititave and Quantitative data ??
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Why would various organizations want different stat info on accidents? What types of info would each organization want?
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ADDAD
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In what type of stat info should an industrial plant safety engineer be interested?
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ADD
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Describe how stat info on accidents and losses can be distorted unintentionally.
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Near misses aren't always recorded, so sometimes "no lost time" is actually recorded.
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