Gastrointestinal System

Front 1

abdomino
celio
laparo

Back 1

abdomen

Front 2

ano

Back 2

anus

Front 3

appendico

Back 3

appendix

Front 4

bili
chole

Back 4

bile

Front 5

bucco

Back 5

cheek

Front 6

cheilo

Back 6

lip

Front 7

colo
colono

Back 7

colon

Front 8

cysto

Back 8

bladder or sac

Front 9

denti

Back 9

teeth

Front 10

docho

Back 10

duct

Front 11

duedeno

Back 11

duodenum

Front 12

entero

Back 12

small intestine

Front 13

esophago

Back 13

esophagus

Front 14

gastro

Back 14

stomach

Front 15

gingivo

Back 15

gum

Front 16

glosso
linguo

Back 16

tongue

Front 17

hepato
hepatico

Back 17

liver

Front 18

hernio

Back 18

hernia

Front 19

ileo

Back 19

ileum

Front 20

inguino

Back 20

groin

Front 21

jejuno

Back 21

jejunum (empty)

Front 22

litho

Back 22

stone

Front 23

oro
stomato

Back 23

mouth

Front 24

pancreato

Back 24

pancreas

Front 25

peritoneo

Back 25

peritoneum

Front 26

phago

Back 26

eat or swallow

Front 27

procto

Back 27

anus and rectum

Front 28

pyloro

Back 28

pylorus (gatekeeper)

Front 29

recto

Back 29

rectum

Front 30

sialo

Back 30

saliva

Front 31

sigmoido

Back 31

sigmoid colon

Front 32

steato

Back 32

fat

Front 33

-emesis

Back 33

vomiting

Front 34

oral cavity

Back 34

cavity that receives food for digestion

Front 35

salivary glands

Back 35

three pairs of exocrine glands in the mouth that secrete saliva; parotid, submandibular (submaxillary), and sublingual

Front 36

cheeks

Back 36

lateral walls of the mouth

Front 37

lips

Back 37

fleshy strucutres surrounding the mouth

Front 38

palate

Back 38

structure that forms the roof of the mouth; it is divided into the hard and soft palate

Front 39

uvula

Back 39

small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate

Front 40

tongue

Back 40

muscular structure of the floor of the mouth covered by mucous membrane and held down by a band-like membrane known as the frenulum

Front 41

gums

Back 41

tissue covering the processes of the jaws

Front 42

teeth

Back 42

hard bony projections in the jaws that serve to masticate (chew) food

Front 43

pharynx

Back 43

throat; passageway for food traveling to the esophagus and air traveling to the larynx

Front 44

esophagus

Back 44

muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach

Front 45

stomach

Back 45

sac-like organ that chemically mixes and prepares food received from the esophagus

Front 46

cardiac sphincter

Back 46

opening from the esophagus to the stomach

Front 47

pyloric sphincter

Back 47

opening of the stomach into the duodenum

Front 48

small intestine

Back 48

tubular structure that digests food received from the stomach

Front 49

duodenum

Back 49

first portion of the small intestine

Front 50

jejunum

Back 50

second portion of the small intestine

Front 51

ileum

Back 51

third portion of the small intestine

Front 52

large intestine

Back 52

larger tubular structure that receives the liquid waste products of digestion, reabsorbs water and minerals, and forms and stores feces for defecation

Front 53

cecum

Back 53

first part of the large intestine

Front 54

vermiform appendix

Back 54

worm like projection of the lymphatic tissue hanging off the cecum with no digestive function- may serve to to resist infection (vermi = worm)

Front 55

colon

Back 55

portions of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum; identified by direction or shape

Front 56

ascending colon

Back 56

portion that extends upward from the cecum

Front 57

transverse colon

Back 57

portion that extends across from the asending colon

Front 58

descending colon

Back 58

portion that extends down from the transverse colon

Front 59

sigmoid colon

Back 59

portiong (resembling an s) that terminates at the rectum

Front 60

rectum

Back 60

distal (end) portion of the large intestine

Front 61

rectal ampulla

Back 61

dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal

Front 62

anus

Back 62

opening of the rectum to the outside of the body

Front 63

feces

Back 63

refuse; solid waste formed in the large intestine

Front 64

defecation

Back 64

evacuation of feces from the rectum

Front 65

peritoneum

Back 65

membrane surounding the entire abdominal cavity consisting of the parietal layer (lining the abdominal wall) and visceral layer (covering each organ in the abdomen)

Front 66

peritoneal cavity

Back 66

space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

Front 67

omentum

Back 67

a covering; an extension of the peritoneum attached to the stomach and connecting it with other abdominal organs

Front 68

liver

Back 68

organ in the upper right quadrant that produces bile, which is secreted into the duodenum during digestion

Front 69

gall bladder

Back 69

receptable that stores and concentrates the bile produced in the liver

Front 70

pancreas

Back 70

gland that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum, where is mixes with bile to digest food

Front 71

biliary ducts

Back 71

ducts that convey bile, including hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts

Front 72

hypochondriac regions

Back 72

upper lateral regions beneath the ribs

Front 73

epigastric region

Back 73

upper middle region below the sternum

Front 74

lumbar regions

Back 74

middle lateral regions

Front 75

umbilical region

Back 75

region of the navel

Front 76

inguinal regions

Back 76

lower lateral groin regions

Front 77

hypogastric region

Back 77

region below the navel

Front 78

anorexia

Back 78

loss of appetite (orexia = appetite)

Front 79

aphagia

Back 79

inability to swallow

Front 80

ascites

Back 80

accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity (ascos = bag)

Front 81

buccal

Back 81

in the cheek

Front 82

constipation

Back 82

infrequent of incomplete bowel movements characterized by hardened, dry stool that is difficult to pass

Front 83

diarrhea

Back 83

frequent loose or liquid stools

Front 84

dyspepsia

Back 84

indigestion

Front 85

dysphagia

Back 85

dificulty in swallowing

Front 86

eructation

Back 86

belch

Front 87

flatulence

Back 87

gas in the stomach or intestines

Front 88

halitosis

Back 88

bad breath

Front 89

hematochezia

Back 89

red blood in the stool

Front 90

hematemesis

Back 90

vomiting blood

Front 91

hepatomegaly

Back 91

enlargement of the liver

Front 92

hyperbilirubinemia

Back 92

excessive level of bilirubin (bile pigment) in the blood

Front 93

icterus
jaundice

Back 93

yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerea (white portion of the eye), and other tissues caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood.

Front 94

melena

Back 94

dark-colored, tarry stool caused by old blood

Front 95

nausea

Back 95

sick in the stomach

Front 96

steatorrhea

Back 96

feces containg fat

Front 97

sublingual
hypoglossal

Back 97

under the tongue

Front 98

stomatitis

Back 98

inflammation of the mouth

Front 99

sialoadenitis

Back 99

inflammaiton of the salivary gland

Front 100

parotitis

Back 100

inflammation of the parotid gland; also called mumps

Front 101

cheilitis

Back 101

inflammation of the lip

Front 102

glossitis

Back 102

inflammation of the tonue

Front 103

ankyloglossia

Back 103

tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, think frenulum

Front 104

gingivitis

Back 104

inflammation of the gums

Front 105

esophageal varices

Back 105

swollen, twisted veins in the esophagus especially susceptible to the ulceration and hemorrhage

Front 106

esophagitis

Back 106

inflammation of the esophagus

Front 107

gastritis

Back 107

inflammation of the stomach

Front 108

gastroesophageal reflex disease

Back 108

blackflow of stomach contents into the esophagus, often as a result of abrnomal function of the lower esophageal sphincter; causes burning pain in the esophagus

Front 109

pyloric stenosis

Back 109

narrowed condition of the pylorus

Front 110

peptic ulcer disease

Back 110

a sore on the mucous membrane of the stomach, duodenum, or any other part of the gasrointestinal system exposed to gastric juices; commonly caused by infection with bacteria

Front 111

gastric ulcer

Back 111

ulcer located in the stomach

Front 112

duodenal ulcer

Back 112

ulcer located in the duodenum

Front 113

gastroenteritis

Back 113

inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

Front 114

enteritis

Back 114

inflammation of the small intestine

Front 115

ileitis

Back 115

inflammation of the lower portion of the small intestine

Front 116

colitis

Back 116

inflammation of the colon (large intestine)

Front 117

ulcerative colitis

Back 117

chronic inflammation of the colon along with ulcerations

Front 118

diverticulum

Back 118

a by-way; an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract usually related to a lack of dietary fiber

Front 119

diverticulosis

Back 119

presence of diverticula in the gastrointestinal tract, especially in the bowel

Front 120

divericulitis

Back 120

inflammation of diverticula

Front 121

dysentery

Back 121

inflammation of the intestine characterized by frequent, blood stools, most often caused by bacteria or protozoa

Front 122

appendicitis

Back 122

inflammation of the appendeix

Front 123

hernia

Back 123

protrusion of part of the stomach upward through the hiatal opening in he diaphragm

Front 124

hital hernia

Back 124

protrusion of part of the stomach upward through he hiatal opening in the diaphragm

Front 125

inguinal hernia

Back 125

protrusion of a loop of the intestine through layeres of the abdominal wall in the inguinal region

Front 126

incarcerate hernia

Back 126

hernia that is swollen and fixed within a sac causing an obstruction

Front 127

strangulated hernia

Back 127

hernia that is constricted, cut off from circulation, and likely to become gangrenous

Front 128

umbilical hernia

Back 128

protusion of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall around the umbilicus

Front 129

intussusception

Back 129

prolapse of one part of the intestine into the lumen of the adjoining part

Front 130

volvulus

Back 130

twisting of the bowel on inself, causing obstruction

Front 131

polyposis

Back 131

multiple polyps in the intestine and rectum with a high malignancy potential

Front 132

polyp

Back 132

tumor on a stalk

Front 133

proctitis

Back 133

inflammation of the rectum and anus

Front 134

anal fistula

Back 134

abnormal tube-like passageway from the anus that may connect with the rectum

Front 135

hemorrhoid

Back 135

swollen, twisted vein in the anal region

Front 136

peritonitis

Back 136

inflammation of the peritoneum

Front 137

hepatitis

Back 137

inflammation of the liver

Front 138

hepatitis A

Back 138

infectious inflammation of the liver caused the by hepatitis A virus, usually transmitted orally through fecal contamination of food or water

Front 139

hepatitis B

Back 139

infection inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatits B virus that is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

Front 140

hepatitis C

Back 140

inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus transmitted by exposure to infected blood

Front 141

cirrhosis

Back 141

chronic disease characterized by degeneration of liver tissue, most often caused by alcholoism or a nutritional deficiency

Front 142

cholangitis

Back 142

inflammation of the bile ducts

Front 143

cholecystitis

Back 143

inflammation of the gallbladder

Front 144

choelithiasis

Back 144

presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts

Front 145

choledocholithiasis

Back 145

presence of stones in the common bile duct

Front 146

pancreatitis

Back 146

inflammation of the pancreas

Front 147

endoscopy

Back 147

examination within a body cavity with a fleixble endoscope for diagnosis or treatment; used in the gastrointestinal ract to detect abnormalities and perform procedures such as biopsies, excision of lesions, dilations of narrowed areas, and removal of swallowed objects

Front 148

esphagoscopy

Back 148

exacmination of the esophagus with an esphagoscope

Front 149

gastroscopy

Back 149

examination of the stomach with a gastroscope

Front 150

upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

Back 150

examination of the lining of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum with a flexible endoscope; also known as esophagogastroduodenoscopy or panendoscopy

Front 151

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Back 151

endoscopic procedure including x-ray fluoroscopy to examine the ductsor the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

Front 152

laparoscopy

Back 152

examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope - often including interventional surgical procedures

Front 153

peritoneoscopy

Back 153

examination of the peritoneal cavity with a peritoneoscope often performed to examine the liver and obtain a biopsy speciman

Front 154

capsule endoscopy

Back 154

examination of the small intestine made by a tiny video camera placed in a capsule and swallowed; images are transmitted to a waist belt recorder and dowloaded ...

Front 155

colonoscopy

Back 155

examination of the colon using a flexible colonoscope

Front 156

sigmoidoscopy

Back 156

examination of the sigmoid colon with a rigid or flexible sigmoidoscope

Front 157

proctoscopy

Back 157

examination of rectum and anus with a proctoscope

Front 158

nuclear medicine

Back 158

radionuclide organ imaging

Front 159

liver scan

Back 159

scan of the liver made after injection of radioactive tracers into the bloodstream; used to detect tumors and functional abnormalities

Front 160

upper GI series

Back 160

x-ray of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum after the patient has swallowed a contrast medium

Front 161

barium swallow

Back 161

x-ray of the esophagus only; often used to located swallowed objects

Front 162

fluoroscopy

Back 162

x-ray using a fluorescent screen to visualize structures in motion

Front 163

small bowel series

Back 163

x-ray exam of the small intestine generally done in conjunction with an upper GI series

Front 164

lower GI series barium enema

Back 164

x-ray of the colon after administration of an enema containng a contrast medium

Front 165

cholangiogram

Back 165

x-ray of the bile ducts; often performed during surgery

Front 166

cholecystogram

Back 166

x-ray of the gallbladder taken after oral ingestion of iodine

Front 167

CT colonography

Back 167

computed tomographic image of the colon performed as an alternative to traditional invasive colonoscopy; also known as virtual colonoscopy

Front 168

sonography

Back 168

ultrasound imaging

Front 169

abdominal sonogram

Back 169

ultrasound image of the abdoment to detect disease or deformity in organs and vascular structures

Front 170

endoscopic sonography

Back 170

endoscopic procedure using a sonographic transducer within an endoscope to examine a body cavity and make sonographic images of structures and tissues

Front 171

biopsy

Back 171

removal of tissue for microscopic pathological examination

Front 172

endoscopic biopsy

Back 172

removal of a speciman for biopsy during an endoscopic procedure

Front 173

excisional biopsy

Back 173

removal of an entire lesion for examination

Front 174

incisional biopsy

Back 174

removal of a portion of a lesion for examination

Front 175

needle biopsy

Back 175

percutaneous removal of a core specimen of tissue using a special hollow needle

Front 176

stool culture and sensitivity

Back 176

isolation of a stoll specimen in a culture medium to identify disease causing organisms; if present, the drugs to which they are sensitive are listed

Front 177

stool occult blood study

Back 177

chemical test of a stool speciman to detect the presence of blood; positive findings indicate bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract

Front 178

bariatric surgery

Back 178

treatment of morbid obesity by surgery to the stomach and or intestines; includes restrictive techniques that limit the size of the stomach and malabsorptive techniques that limit the absorption of food

Front 179

cheiloplasty

Back 179

repair of the lip

Front 180

glossectomy

Back 180

excision of all or part of the tongue

Front 181

glossorrhaphy

Back 181

suture of the tongue

Front 182

esophagoplasty

Back 182

repair of the esophagus

Front 183

gastrectomy

Back 183

partial or complete removal of the stomach

Front 184

gastric resection

Back 184

partial removal and repair of the stomach

Front 185

abdominocentesis
paracentesis

Back 185

puncture of the abdoment for aspiration of fluid

Front 186

laparotomy

Back 186

incision into the abdomen

Front 187

laparscopic surgery

Back 187

abdominal surgery using a laparoscope

Front 188

herniorrhaphy
hernioplasty

Back 188

repair of a hernia

Front 189

colostomy

Back 189

creation of an opening in the colon through the abdominal wal to create an abdominal anus allowing stool to bypass a diseased portion of the colon; performed to treat ulcerative colitis, cancer, or obstructions

Front 190

anastomosis

Back 190

union of two hollow vessels used in bowel surgery

Front 191

ileostomy

Back 191

surgical creation of an opening on the abdomen to which the end of the ileum is attached, providing a passageway for ileal discharges; performed after removal of the colon

Front 192

appendectomy

Back 192

excision of a diseased appedix

Front 193

polypectomy

Back 193

excision of polyps

Front 194

proctoplasty

Back 194

repair of the anus and rectum

Front 195

anal fistulectomy

Back 195

excision of an anal fistula

Front 196

hemorrhoidectomy

Back 196

excisin of hemorrhoids

Front 197

hepatic lobectomy

Back 197

excision of a lobe of the liver

Front 198

cholecystectomy

Back 198

excision of the gallbladder

Front 199

laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Back 199

excision of the gallbladder through a laparoscope

Front 200

cholelithotomy

Back 200

incision for removal of gallstones

Front 201

choledocholithotomy

Back 201

incision of the common bile duct for extraction of gallstones

Front 202

cholelithotripsy

Back 202

crushing of gallstones

Front 203

pancreatectomy

Back 203

excision of the pancreas

Front 204

gastric lavage

Back 204

oral insertion of a tube into the stomach for examination and treatment

Front 205

nasogastric intubation

Back 205

insertion of a tub through the nose into the stomach for various purposes

Front 206

antacid

Back 206

drug that neutralizes stomach acid

Front 207

antiemetic

Back 207

drug that prevents or stops vommiting

Front 208

antispasmodic

Back 208

drug that decreases motility in the gastrointestinal tract to arrest spasm or diarrhea

Front 209

cathartic

Back 209

drug that causes movement of the bowels; also called a laxative