Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the five types of diarrhoea and their causes?
|
Deranged motility (decreased transit time)
Osmotic (lactase deficiency, antacids) Malabsorptive (coeliac disease) Exudate (bloody and purulent, cholera and shigella) Secretory (bacterial infection) |
|
|
What advantages do bacteria have in causing infection in the GIT?
|
- Ability to adhere to enterocytes
- Enterotoxins >> secretory diarrhoea - Invasion >> Inflammation |
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of Pseudomembranous colitis?
|
It is caused by CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE bacterium secondary to broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment (opportunistic).
|
|
|
What is the best management of diarrhoea?
|
- Rehydration!!
- Electrolyte restoration - Antibiotics |
|
|
What is the most common viral GIT infection in children?
|
Rotavirus
|
|
|
What pathogens commonly cause exudative diarrhoea?
|
ENTEROINVASIVE ORGANISMS:
Salmonella typhi (typhoid) Shigella Entamoeba histolytica Campylobacter spp. |
|
|
Define the following:
1. Haematemesis 2. Haematochezia 3. Malena |
Haematemesis - vomiting blood
Haematochezia - bright red blood per rectum (lower GIT bleed) Malena - Black tarry stools (upper GIT bleed) |
|
|
List six (6) causes of upper GI bleeding.
|
- Bleeding oesophageal varices
- Mallory-Weiss tear - Peptic ulcer (most common) - Gastritis - Reflux oesophagitis - Malignancy |
|
|
List six (6) causes of lower GI bleeding.
|
- Meckel's diverticulum
- Anal fissure (common) - Haemorrhoids (common) - Polyps - Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (e.g. Crohn's) - Malignancy |
|
|
What investigations would you do for an upper GI bleed?
|
- Endoscopy
- Abdominal CT / CXR |
|
|
What condition can cause glossitis 'beefy tongue'?
|
Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (pernicious anaemia).
|
|
|
Name two pre-malignant lesions of the tongue.
|
- Leukoplakia
- Erythroplakia (Precursor to SCC) |
|
|
What is xerostomia, and what condition is it most common in?
|
Xerostomia is dry mouth. Common in Sjorgren's syndrome.
|
|
|
What are the most common tumors of the salivary glands?
|
Adenomas!
|
|
|
Outline the two types of hiatial hernia.
|
1. Sliding hiatial hernia - stomach cardia protrudes above diaphragm.
2. Rolling hiatial hernia - portion of stomach fundus protrudes through a widened diaphragmatic foramen. |
|
|
What is the common aetiology of a Mallory-Weiss tear?
|
Mallor-Weiss tears are caused by excessive vomiting or retching.
|
|
|
What aetiologies are common in GORD?
|
- Hiatus hernia (sliding type)
- Loss of Oesophageal spinchter tone - Increased gastric contents |
|
|
Outline the management principles of GORD.
|
- PPIs
- Fundoplication surgery |
|
|
Define "Barrett's Oesophagus".
|
Barrett's Oesophagus is the replacement of oesophageal squamous epithelium with gastric columnar epithelium. It occurs in long standing GORD. It predisposes to adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus.
|
|
|
List four causes of gastritis.
|
- Infection
- NSAID use - Heavy smoking - Irradiation / Chemotherapy |
|
|
List two common neoplasms of the GI tract.
|
- Adenocarcinoma (most common)
- Lymophoma |
|
|
What are some differentials for severe epigastric pain? (List at least six).
|
1. Peptic ulcer
2. Mallory-Weiss tears 3. Cholestasis 4. Gall stones (cholelithiasis) 5. Pancreatitis 6. Diaphragmatic hernia 7. Pancreatic malignancy 8. GORD 9. Diverticulitis 10. SMA infarction 11. Peritonitis |
|
|
What is colicky pain?
|
Intermittent peristaltic dull pain caused by the obstruction of a hollow viscus (e.g. intestine, bile duct).
|
|
|
What are the RED FLAGS for gastrointestinal malignancy?
|
ALARM'D
- Anorexia - Loss of weight - Anaemia - Recent symptom onset - Malaena / haematemesis - Dysphagia |
