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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dysphagia |
Difficulty eating or swallowing |
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Sialocele |
Subcutaneous collection of saliva |
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Prodromal Signs |
A premonitory symptom; a symptom indicating the onset of a disease. |
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Hiatal Hernia |
The protrusion of an organ, typically the stomach, through the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm. |
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Caustic Ingestion |
Ingesting substances that cause erosive/burn to the soft tissues |
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Regurgitation |
Expulsion of food/water from the pharynx/oesophagus, no prodromal signs, no retching, no bile. |
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Vomiting |
Differentiate from regurgitation as shows prodromal signs (hypersalivation, nausea, lip-smacking), retching/abdominal efforts, bile may be present. |
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PLI |
Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity : lipase only found in pancreatic tissue, pancreatitis leads to an increase in this lipase. |
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Melena |
Digested blood in the faeces |
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Hematochezia |
Fresh blood found in the faeces |
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Dyschezia |
Difficulty defecating |
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Small Bowel Diarrhoea |
+/- Weight loss +/- Polyphagia +/- Faecal volume May see vomiting and melena |
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Large Bowel Diarrhoea |
+/- Faecal Frequency May see mucous, hematochezia, dyschezia, vomiting (with severe signs) |
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Masticatory Muscle Myositis |
Autoimmune - Immunosuppressive drugs (prednisolone) Signs: dysphagia, mastication difficulty, swollen and painful muscles (early) or atrophied (late) Diagnosis: Antibody titre to 2M fiber |
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Cisapride |
Ameliorate signs of concurrent gastroesophageal reflux |
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Omeprazole |
Control gastroesophageal reflux |
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Proton Pump Inhibitor |
Depresses acid production |
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Sucralfate |
Protect oesophageal mucosa and provide pain relief, binds to exposed ulcer bed and promotes healing. |
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Prokinetic |
Helps to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and cause the contents of the stomach to empty faster. This allows less time for acid reflux to occur. |
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Dysautonomia |
Loss of autonomic NS function. Signs : Regurgitation, dysuria, bladder distension, mydriasis, lack of PLR, Dry MM, weight loss, constipation, vomiting, anorexia |
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Bethanecol |
PSNS choline carbamate that selectively stimulates muscarinic receptors without any effect on nicotinic receptors, relaxes urinary sphincter. |
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Ranitidine (prokinetic) |
Prevents stomach ulcers, reduces acid production. |
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H2-Antagonist |
Reduce the amount of acid produced by the cells in the lining of the stomach |
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Maropitant |
Anti-Emetic, Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, blocks effect of substance p |
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Famotidine |
Acid suppressant medication |
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Omeprazole |
Increases gastric pH enough to allow for ulcer healing. |
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Lymphangiectasia |
Dilation of blood vessels |
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Cyclosporin |
Immunosuppressant drug |
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Azathioprine |
Immunosuppressant drug |
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Tenesmus |
A clinical symptom, where there is a feeling of constantly needing to pass stools, despite an empty colon |
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Acute Pancreatitis |
Inflammation of the pancreas when normal protective mechanisms against premature activation of trypsinogen are overwhelmed. Results in digestion of pancreatic proteins and activation of more trypsinogen -> pro-inflammatory cytokine release with necrosis |
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Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency |
Loss of exocrine pancreatic function may occur secondary to chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic acinar atrophy. Results in maldigestion -> weight loss |
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Elevated ALP |
Synthesised by bile canaliculi -> indicates biliary stasis |
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Elevated GGT |
Associated with biliary epithelial cells -> indicates biliary stasis/hyperplasia |
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Elevated ALT |
In hepatocyte cytoplasm -> indicates hepatocellular damage |
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Elevated Bilirubin |
Pre-hepatic: haemolysis Hepatic: Decreased conjugation and excretion Post-hepatic: Decreased excretion |
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Bile Acid Circulation |
BA secreted with bile into duodenum -> resorbed in the ileum and recycled via portal circulation back to liver - <absorbed from portal circulation within the liver (90-95%) |
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Decreased Bile Acids |
PSS or Liver Dysfunction |
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Fibrinogen |
Due to impaired hepatic production or increased consumption |
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Ammonia Circulation |
Produced by gut bacteria -> absorbed by portal circulation -> removed by first pass metabolism -> converted to urea by liver -> excreted via the kidneys |
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Elevated Ammonia |
PSS or severe liver dysfunction |
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Lactulose |
Treat elevated ammonia by trapping it in the gut as ammonium to reduce absorption |
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Ursodeoxycholic Acid |
Naturally occuring bile acid, less cellular toxicity, promotes chloresis and decreases toxic bile salts |
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Choleresis |
Secretion of bile by the liver |
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Congenital Portosystemic Shunt |
Vascular anomaly remains persistently patent after birth, connecting portal circulation directly to systemic circulation, bypassing hepatic parenchyma. |
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Microcytic Hypochromic anaemia |
Pale, small red blood cell anaemia |
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Cholestasis |
Bile cannot flow from the liver to the duodenum |
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Vacuolar Hepatopathy |
Glycogen accumulates in hepatocytes which leads to cell swelling and cholestasis (elevated ALP, GGT, BA) |
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Xylazine |
Alpha 2 agonist, sedative, induces vomiting, low dose no sedation |
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Ipecacuanha |
Local irritant, not too reliable as an emetic |
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Apomorphine |
Emetic opioid |
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Metaclopramide |
Anti-emetic, increased oesophageal sphincter tone, increased gastric contractions, decreased pyloric sphincter tone, increased peristalsis of upper intestine. |
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Phenothiazine |
Broad spectrum anti emetic, low doses block dopamine and histamine receptors, higher doses antimuscarinic effects. |
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Anti Ulcer Drugs (H2 receptor antagonists) |
Cimetidine, Ranitidine, Famotidine |
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Anti Ulcer Drugs (Proton Pump Inhibitors) |
Omeprazole |
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Anti Ulcer Drugs (Prostaglandin Analogues) |
Misoprostol |
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Emollient Laxatives |
Act locally, lubricate and soften faeces, prolonged use may result in reduced absorption of fat soluble vitamins |
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Bulk Laxatives |
Act locally, hydrophilic and absorb water increasing faecal bulk and water content and stimulating peristalsis |
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Osmotic Laxatives (lactulose) |
Hypertonic solutions draw water into the intestine resulting in distension and peristalsis, ph reduced and ammonia producing gut bacteria is produced. |
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Stimulant Laxatives |
Never used if obstruction present, diphenylmethane stimulants, stimulate colonic smooth muscle and myenteric plexus |
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Prokinetics |
Metoclopramide, parasympathomimetics (carbachol), antimicrobial erythromycin, ranitidine, cisapride |
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Appetite Stimulants |
Benzodiazepines, cyproheptadine |
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SAMe (S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine) |
Methyl donor, improve hepatic parameters, formation of glutathione |
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Silibinin |
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, promote regeneration |
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Penicillamine and Trientine |
Copper hepatotoxicosis treatment, antiarthritic drug and binds to copper. |
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Ptyalism |
Hypersalivation |
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Halitosis |
Bad breath |
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Common canine oral tumours |
Malignant Melanoma > Squamous Cell Carcinoma > Fibrosarcoma > Epulides |
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Common canine intestinal tumours |
Lymphoma > Adenocarcinoma > Mast Cell Tumours |
