Gastro-Intestinal 2

Front 1

receptors in chemo-receptor trigger zone

Back 1

neurokinetic, serotonin, adrenergic

Front 2

vestibular receptors

Back 2

dopaminergic, cholinergic, histaminergic
-poorly developed in cats, which is why anti-histamines are not good anti-emetics

Front 3

parasites that can cause vomiting

Back 3

Physaloptera, Ollanulus

Front 4

diphenhydramine

Back 4

H1 blocker
anti-emetic

Front 5

scopolamine

Back 5

cholinergic antagonist
-may cause ileus (same as atropine)

Front 6

vomiting caused by uremia

Back 6

circulating toxins trigger CRTZ (dopaminergic)
-uremic gastritis (histaminergic)

Front 7

metoclopramide mechanisms and uses

Back 7

-dopaminergic and adrenergic antagonist
-prokinetic
-Use for gastric reflux (don't use in intususceptions or obstruction)

Front 8

metoclopramide side effects

Back 8

-aggression in cats (extra-pyramidal effects)
-hyperprolactinemia

Front 9

cisapride

Back 9

used for delayed gastric emptying

Front 10

maropitant

Back 10

Neurokinetic antagonist
-anti-emetic
-works at all sites (CRTZ, vestibular, vagal efferents)

Front 11

gastric cells: chief, parietal, G-cell

Back 11

chief- pepsin
parietal - acid
G-cell - gastrin

Front 12

PGE2 in stomach

Back 12

modulates blood flow
-stimulates bicarb secretion and cell division

Front 13

stomach hormones - gastrin and cholecystekinin

Back 13

gastrin - stimulates productin of acid
cholecystokinin - stimulates enzyme release to break down fat, protein

Front 14

hematemesis and melena, think

Back 14

systemic disease (renal failure)

Front 15

jaundice plus pallor, think

Back 15

zinc toxicity (look for pennies)

Front 16

salivation plus defecation, think

Back 16

organophosphate toxicity

Front 17

causes of gastric ulcers

Back 17

hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's disease), uremia, liver disease, DIC,

Front 18

Coccidia diagnosis and treatment

Back 18

Fecal float, treat with TMS

Front 19

Cryptosporidia diagnosis and treatment

Back 19

intestinal biopsy or antibody test
-treat with antibiotics

Front 20

Giardiasis treatment

Back 20

metronidazole and dewormer

Front 21

Campylobacter, Salmonella treatment

Back 21

quinolones

Front 22

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Back 22

cats eating rodents
-GI signs and jaundice
-Treat with tetracycline or TMS
-usually fatal

Front 23

Bacillus piliformis

Back 23

Tyzzer's disease
-acute onset of diarrhea
-usually fatal

Front 24

Rickettsial diarrhea

Back 24

-Salmon poisoning disease
Dog eats raw salmon infected with flukes, flukes then release Rickettsia
-Treat with Doxycycline and de-wormer

Front 25

Parvo treatment

Back 25

fluids, antibiotics, anti-emetics
(NO anti-diarrheals)

Front 26

Hepatic veno-occlusive disease

Back 26

fibrosis of central vein
-passive congestion
-seen in captive big cats

Front 27

hepatic amyloidosis

Back 27

amyloid deposition is space of Disse
-from chronic antigenic stimulation

Front 28

Steroid hepatopathy

Back 28

steroids induce increased glycogen storage

Front 29

Infectious causes of hepatic necrosis

Back 29

bacteria - salmonella, tularemia, listeria
virus - herpesvirus
protozoa - toxoplasmosis
-causes random distribution of necrosis

Front 30

causes of centrilobular hepatic necrosis

Back 30

Hypoxia
-common
-heart failure

Front 31

causes of mid-zonal hepatic necrosis

Back 31

rare
-copper toxicosis

Front 32

pathogenesis of ascites due to hepatic fibrosis

Back 32

fibrosis -- increased portal vein pressure - increased hydrostatic pressure -- fluid leaks
-Enhanced by hypoalbuminemia from decreased production and loss in gut from hypertension -- decreased colloid osmotic pressure

Front 33

acute hepatitis

Back 33

usually infectious causes
-random necrosis

Front 34

chronic hepatitis (diffuse vs focal)

Back 34

focal - tuberculosis
diffuse - toxins, chemical

Front 35

infectious canine hepatitis

Back 35

-not common due to vaccines
-canine adenovirus
-causes petechia, hepatic necrosis, DIC, *gall bladder edema*
-also causes corneal clouding (Blue Eye) 2-3 weeks after due to type III HS
-see basophilic intranuclear inclusions

Front 36

Equine Rhinopneumonitis

Back 36

Equine herpesvirus 1
-acute hepatic necrosis, abortion

Front 37

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Back 37

Bovine Herpesvirus 1
-acute hepatic necrosis, abortion

Front 38

FIP

Back 38

Feline coronavirus
-pyogranulomatous hepatitis

Front 39

Liver lesions seen with Leptospirosis

Back 39

centrilobular ischemia

Front 40

bacteria that can damage the liver

Back 40

Listeria, Nocardia, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Actinobacillus, Yersinia,

Front 41

sawdust liver

Back 41

bacterial infection causes multi-focal necrosis and granulomas

Front 42

Clostridial Hepatitis

Back 42

Black disease in sheep
Bacillary Hemoglobinuria in cattle
- flukes cause anaerobic conditions, clostridial spores germinate
-causes hepatic necrosis, intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria

Front 43

aflatoxins

Back 43

-grows on corn, peanuts
-chronic ingestion causes progressive liver disease

Front 44

Sporidesmin mycotoxins

Back 44

-fungus on dead rye grass
-biliary necrosis, cholestasis
-accumulation of phylloerythrin
-photosensitization (facial eczema)

Front 45

Death cap mushroom (Amanita)

Back 45

causes hepatic hemorrhage, centrilobular necrosis, lipidosis
-1gm fatal in people

Front 46

species that can get copper toxicosis

Back 46

sheep, dogs
-molybdenum deficiency
-sheep have trigger that causes massive release -- crisis

Front 47

nutritional hepatic necrosis

Back 47

young, growing pigs
-vit E, selenium deficiency
-free radicals
-"mulberry heart"

Front 48

cricopharyngeal acalasia

Back 48

failure to relax upper esophageal sphincter
-cocker spaniels
-hypothyroidism

Front 49

Liver vs spleen on US

Back 49

liver is more coarse, hypoechoic

Front 50

falciform fat in thin/obese cats

Back 50

thin cats - fat is more echogenic than liver
fat cats - fat is less echogenic than liver

Front 51

gold standard to diagnose micro-hepatica (imaging)

Back 51

portography

Front 52

always hyperechoic on ultrasound (in liver)

Back 52

fat, fibrosis, glycogen

Front 53

disorders that cause liver to look diffusely hypoechoic

Back 53

hepatocutaneous disease
amyloidosis
passive congestion

Front 54

ultrasound appearance of acute pancreatitis

Back 54

pancreas enlarged, hypoechoic
-mesentary hyperechoic
-corrugated small intestine

Front 55

increased ALT, AST

Back 55

leakage enzymes
-source is liver, muscle (AST)

Front 56

increased ALP, GGT

Back 56

biliary disease

Front 57

bile acid assay

Back 57

cholecystokinin stimulates contraction of gall bladder
-tests liver's ability to re-collect bile acids from circulation
-don't perform on icteric animal

Front 58

ddx for icteric cat

Back 58

pancreatitis, cholangitis, FIP, neoplasia, sepsis, toxins, flukes, toxoplasma

Front 59

treatment of feline hepatic lipidosis

Back 59

cyproheptadine, b-vitamins, SAMe, silymarin,

Front 60

treatment for chronic liver failure

Back 60

prednisolone, SAMe, silymarin, cholchicine (anti-fibrotic)
-low protein, low salt, high carb diet