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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharyngeal Clefts How many and what do they become |
Total of 4 clefts Only the first cleft makes a contribution forming the external auditory meatus and the ectodermal covering for the tympanic membrane (eardrum). |
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First Pouch |
Forms the tympanic cavity and the Eustachian (auditory) tube. Lining of the tympanic cavity will help form the tympanic membrane (eardrum). The tympanic cavity is also known as the middle ear cavity where the incus, malleus and stapes reside. |
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Second Pouch |
Creates a bud that penetrates into the adjacent mesenchyme. They form the primordium of the palatine tonsils. The bud is infiltrated with lymphoid tissue which becomes the actual palatine tonsil. The pouch is somewhat visible in adults as the tonsillar fossa. |
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Third Pouch Dorsal Wing |
Dorsal Wing differentiates into the inferior parathyroid gland Both wings will lose their connection and migrate to their permanent positions in the body. |
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Third Pouch Ventral Wing |
Ventral wing differentiates into the thymus gland Both wings will lose their connection and migrate to their permanent positions in the body. |
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Fourth Pouch Dorsal Wing |
Dorsal wing forms the superior parathyroid gland |
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Fourth Pouch Ventral Wing |
Ventral wing forms the ultimobranchial body. Ultimobranchial body give rise to parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland (they secrete calcitonin) |
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First arch nerve innervation muscles |
innervated by V2 & V3 of the trigeminal nerve muscles of mastication anterior belly of the digastric mylohyoid tensor tympani tensor veli palatini. |
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Second arch nerve innervation muscles |
innervated by the facial nerve muscles of facial expression posterior belly of the digastric stylohyoid auricular muscle stapedius muscle |
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Third arch nerve innervation muscles |
innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve CN9 Only one muscle: stylopharyngeus |
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Fourth & Sixth arches nerve innervation muscles |
Fourth Arch- gives rise to superior laryngeal n. Sixth Arch- gives rise to recurrent laryngeal n. all the muscles of the palate (exception of the tensor veli palatini) all the muscles of the pharynx (except stylopharyngeus) |
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Nerve innervation to Arch 1,2,3,4+6 |
CN5, CN7, CN9, CN10 |
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Glycerophospholipids vs Triglycerides |
Resembles Triglyceride except on Carbon 3 has Phosphate group with a head groupGlycerophospholipids are an integral part of lipid bilayer |
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Glycerophospholipids synthesized from |
phosphatidic acid |
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Actions of phospholipase A1, A2, C, D |
A1/A2 cut C-O bond C/D cut O-P bond
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Ether Glycerolipids |
Acyl group on Carbon 1 is replaced by unsaturated alkyl group tied to glycerol by ether bond |
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Platelet-activating factor (PAF) |
Has potent thrombotic and inflammatory action Carbon 1: Saturated alkyl group linked to Carbon 1 via ether bond Carbon 2: Acetyl group (in place of fatty acid) |
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Sphingolipids vs phospholipid |
Structurally similar to phospholipid, but Fatty Acid on Carbon 1 replaced by Sphingosine |
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Nieman-Pick disease |
Impaired Sphingomyelinase leading to accumulation of sphingomyelin in the Liver, Spleen, and CNS Accumulation of Sphingomyelin result in neurodegeneration and death |
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Glycosphingolipids vs sphingolipids |
Instead of Phosphate and head group, has sugar attachment |
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3 types of Lysosomal Storage Disease: |
Lysosomal Storage Disease is due to genetic defect in the synthesis of lysosomal enzyme result in accumulation of Glycosphingolipids which cannot be degraded in the lysosome Gaucher Disease Tay-Sachs Disease Niemann-Pick Disease |
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What part of the GI has submucosal glands |
Esophagus and Duodenum |
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Histology: Stomach Key Features |
Rugae with mucosa and submucosa - 3 layered muscularis externa - Mucosa has pits covered by a simplecolumnar epithelium - glands extend to muscularis mucosa - gastric pits lined entirely by surface mucous cells - glands have parietal cells and chief cells - inconspicuous lamina propria |
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Histology Stomach neck region of pit |
More Parietal Cells than Chief Cells Primarily mucous cells and stemcells Parietal cell: Fried egg looking Chief Cell: nucleus basally located |
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Paneth cells |
found in theepithelium at the base of theglands (crypts). synthesize granules to secrete defensins, lysozymes, TNFa |
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Histology Enteroendocrine cells features |
-Secretory vesicles at basal portion of cells -Not simple columnar cells -Very narrow apical surface with small microvilli |
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Histology Duodenum |
Leaf-shaped villi Submucosal Glands - Brunner's Gland secrete alkaline mucin to neutralize chyme acidity |
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Histology Jejunum |
Long-finger-shaped villi Plica Circulares Primary absorption site No Key distinguishing feature |
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Histology Ileum |
Aggregated lymphatic nodule (Peyer's Patches) in the Lamina Propria and Submucosa Site of absorption of Vitamin B12 Primary site of re-absorption of water and electrolytes |
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Histology Large Intestine Key feature |
-No Villi, only crypts -Goblet Cells lines the crypts -Lamina Propria rich in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) -Muscularis externa has Teniae Coli |
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Primary vs secondary Retroperitoneal |
Primary, organ were at one time covered by peritoneum, final position outside peritoneum after rotation is termed Secondary Retroperitoneum |
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Pharyngeal gut |
from theoropharyngeal membrane to therespiratory diverticulum. |
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Foregut: |
lung buddiverticulum to the bile duct |
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Midgut: |
bile duct to thefirst two-thirds of the transversecolon. |
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Hindgut: |
last third of thetransverse colon to the cloacalmembrane |
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vitelline duct |
connects to the midgutthrough the umbilicalregion |
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cloaca |
endoderm derivativethat receivesconnections from thehindgut and primitiveurogenital structures. |
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Muscular wall of upper 2/3 Esophagus Origin, innervated by? |
Originated from surrounding Splanchnic mesenchyme Vagus n. |
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Muscle of lower 1/3 Esophagus innervation |
Mostly smooth muscle Esophageal plexus |
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Molecular Regulation of Gut Tube |
-Specification is initiated by aRA concentration gradient -Initial specification is“stabilized” by SHH in the gut tube, resultingin nested expression of HOXgenes in the mesoderm thatinstructs the endoderm as towhat it should become -epithelial-mesenchymalinteraction result in differentiation |
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Liver derm layer and structure |
liver begins as aproliferation of gutendoderm called the liverbud
liver cells grow intomesoderm of the septumtransversum. Endoderm formshepatocytes; mesodermforms connective tissue andblood vessels. |
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Molecular Regulation of Liver Induction |
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), secretedby cardiac mesoderm, inhibit theinhibitors and stimulate bud outgrowth. Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs)enhance the action of the FGFs |
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Formation of the Pancreas |
Two pancreatic budsform, dorsal andventral, on oppositesides of the gut tube byproliferations of gutendoderm. Note that the ventralbud forms at the baseof the liver bud. |
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Fusion of the Pancreatic Buds |
ventral bud moves around to lie beneath the dorsal bud caused by gut rotation and differential growth between thetwo sides of this region of the gut ventral bud contributing theuncinate process and part of the head and the remainder (head, body, and tail)derived from the dorsal pancreas |
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Pancreas ducts after fusion which one remains |
connection of thedorsal bud is lost, and the main pancreatic duct is formed by the distal portion of the dorsal bud and the proximal portion of the ventral bud |
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Cephalic limb gives rise to |
Duodenum All of Jejunum Most of ileum |
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Caudal Limb gives rise to |
Rmaining ileum All of Colon |
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Omphaloceles |
when the gut tube fails to return to the bodycavity after umbilical herniation. |
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Gastroschisis |
closure of theventral body wall fails and gut loopsherniate through the opening. omphaloceles covered by amnion; gastroschisis defects notcovered by amnion because they herniatethrough a defect of the abdominal walldirectly into the amniotic cavity. |
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Classic Lobule |
Central vein in thecenter. Defines the flowof blood from the portalregion to the centralvein. Emphasize blood flow |
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Portal Lobule |
Bile duct in the center.Defines the flow of bilefrom the hepatocytes ofadjacent classic lobulestoward a bile duct. Emphasize bile flow |
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Liver Acinus |
Short axis connects portaltriads between 2 adjacentclassic lobules. Long axisconnects the central veins.Defines regions of classiclobules with distinctmetabolic characteristics. Emphasize metabolic gradient |
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Peptide responsible for MMC |
MMC = Migrating Motor Complex Motilin |
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Gene crucial for establishing midline in facial development |
SHH |
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Prominence are derived from |
Neural crest mesenchyme |
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Treacher Collins Syndrome |
Neural Crest Cell defects Deficient maxilla and zygomatic arches |
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Robin Sequence |
Neural Crest Cell defects Mandible is deficient |
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DiGeorge Anomaly |
Craniofacial Defect Deletion of Chromosome 22q Pt lacks thymus and has immunological problems Feature: Wide spaced eye, small mouth |
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Goldenhar Syndrome |
Craniofacial Defect Neural crest defect in Maxilary, temporal, zygomatic bones maybe induced by alcohol, maternal diabetes |
