Garcia Nov 21St

Front 1

What is the main differnce between eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell?

Back 1

prokaryotic cell is compartmentalized

Front 2

what do i need to know about transcription and translation in prokaryotes

Back 2

they are both coupled, they occur at the same time

Front 3

we are discussing prokaryotes so whatever does not say other wise it is refering to ...

Back 3

prokaryotes

Front 4

ribosomal structure?
how many types of rRNA?
the importance of ribosomal structure?

Back 4

70S (30+50)
3 types: 5,16,23S

3. target for antibacterial drugs

Front 5

why called nucleoid instead of nucleus?

Back 5

because doen't have nuclear membrane

Front 6

Bacterial chromosome:
small/large
2. double/ single stranded
3. cell has how many neuleoids?
4. DNA binding proteins
5. nuclear membrane

Back 6

1. large
2. double stranded
3. 2-4 depending on growth rate
4. yes
5. NO

Front 7

plasmid?
2. DOUBLE/ single stranded
3. replicates with/ seperate from chromsome
4. what benefits it give to bacteria?
5. necessary for the cell to survive?

Back 7

1. small circular extrachromosomal DNA
2. double
3. seperate
4. codes for virulence factors, antibiotic resisntance and or self transmission
5. no

Front 8

bacterial cytoplasmic membrane:
1. structure
2. contains steroids?
3. fucntion

Back 8

1. lipid bilayer
2. no, exception mycoplasma
3. Electron transport and energy production, ion pump, protine uptake

Front 9

Cell Wall:
Function?
inmportance?
what doesn't have cell wall?

Back 9

1. protection from osmotic lysis, give shape
2. classification of bacteris is based on cell wall, gram poisitive.
also targets for antibiotics
3. mycoplasma spp

Front 10

Gram - Gram +
1. murein
layer
2. outerm membrane
3. priplasm
4. susceptitibility
to peniciln and
lysosyme

Back 10

Gram - Gram +
1. no yes
2. yes no
3. yes no
4. low high

Front 11

Gram + cell wall:
has ..... (thin/thick)..... layer that contains..... and ..... acids

Back 11

thick peptidoglycan layer that contains teichoic and lipoteichoic acid

Front 12

peptidoglycan layer:
funtion:

Back 12

1. protection from environment
2. resistant to many mamalian enzymes; but exception is that it can be broken down by lysozyme
murien synthesis enzyme, which is the target of B-lactamlanitbiotic

Front 13

what heppens if murein layer is lost?
exception:

Back 13

cell lysis
formation of protoplast in isototic medium

Front 14

Teichoic acid and Lipteichoic acid:
fucntions

Back 14

they are important in virulance and act as antigens

Front 15

Gram Negative cell wall:
has..... outer layer

Back 15

lipopoylsaccharide

Front 16

lipoplysacchride is unique to gram ..... cell wall.
1.what is the other name for it?
2. what is its fumction?

Back 16

gram negative
endotoxin
2. it is a very strong stimulator of immune response; and it is toxic to humans and animals

Front 17

which of the follwoing stucturesis found in gram - abut not in gram +?

Back 17

outermembrane

Front 18

what is the outermembrane made up of

Back 18

lipoplysaccharide LPS

Front 19

what does gram positive look like after adding dye

Back 19

When viewed under a microscope, gram-positive cells appear purple due to the crystal violet-iodine complex retained inside.

Front 20

whad does gram negative look like after dye

Back 20

When viewed under a microscope, gram-negative cells appear pink or red due to the safranin staining.
oh: before marriage answer to the questioned that whether or not being ivolved with red or pink is negative

Front 21

bacteria cell morphology:
1. cocus....
2. bacillus
3. vibrio
4. spirilum
5. spirochete
6. fusiform bacillus
7. coccobaciluus

Back 21

1. shpere shape
2. capsule like shape
3. curved bcillus shape
4. M SHAPE
5. condese sirilum
6. elongated bacilus
7. shape between coccus and bacillus

Front 22

Pili:
1. other name for it
2. essential for cell to stay alive
3. composed of protein called..
4. the two classes:

Back 22

hair like projection of the cell
1. fimbriae
2. no
3. pilin
4. common pili; and sex pilus

Front 23

common pili:
1. how many per cell
2. function
3. function

Back 23

1. many around the cell
2. adhesion to the host cell
3. important virulence factors- role in colonization

Front 24

sex pilus:
1. how many
2. function

Back 24

1. one per cell
2. sexual conjuction; genetic transfer bw bacteria

Front 25

flagella
1. important in viability of cell
2. present in gram - or +
3. function
4. distribution types

Back 25

1. no
2. both
3. motility
4. monotrichous or polar(single flagellum)

lopotichous. i say LOPO coms out one sie but man

amphitrichous: i see two side coming and I say AAAA MMMMM so amphitrichous

periterichous: oh: peri doram bepari

Front 26

capsule
also called...
2. essential for viabiliyt
3. located
4. when well defined called...
5. when less defined
6. composed of
7. virulence factor?

Back 26

1. glycocalyx
2.no
3. outside cell wall
4. capsule
5. slime layer
6. poly saccharides
7. attachemnt to surface
protection against phagocytic engulfment

Front 27

Biofilm

Back 27

i understand this by remembring the example she gave about a kind bacteria that attacks heart and produces biofilm and sticks there.
Complex aggregation of microorganisms marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix

Front 28

nosocomial

Back 28

hospital aquired disease

Front 29

why biofilm problm?

Back 29

Forms on the surface of catheter lines and contact lenses.

Grows on pacemakers, heart valve replacements, artificial joints and other surgical implants.

~ 65% of nosocomial (hospital-acquired) infections are caused by biofilms.

Bacteria growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antibiotics (up to 1,000 times more resistant than the same bacteria not growing in a biofilm).

Front 30

how do bacteria do energy production; through what means

Back 30

plasma membrane; since they don't have mitochondira to make energy inside they import it. this is exam question.

Front 31

spore or....
1. what
2. what stae
3. produced when....? what is the state called
4. call.... when goes back to growing stage. the process is called
5. formed in gram+ or -
6. role

Back 31

endospore
1. dormant form of a bactrial cell
2. non metabolizing; non producing
3. when starved. sporulation
4. vegitative from. germination.
5. only gram positive +. OH this is a positive thing for backetria so it forms in positve
6. important virulence factr

Front 32

process of spore to life again

Back 32

spore -
activation
germination
outgrowth
vegetative

Front 33

bacteria growht curve:
what are the four steps?

Back 33

lag: nothing is happening; bac is getting ready to grwo
Log: when they grow and do it fast in right conditions; doubling time is defined here
sationary: multipication and death rate are the same
Death: when they die
oh; LAG please LOG in the STATION or you are going to DIE

Front 34

HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY ON BLOOD AGAR of bactria; what happens?

Back 34

when bacteria is grown on blood agar; you see differnt manifistations:
Alpha: icomplete
Beta: full hemolyisis
Gama: no hemolyisis
oh: a person alone is incomplete; whent get married=beta is complet; when not considering marriage is gama and no hehmolyisis

Front 35

sigma factors:
what it does
2. what happens if you have a different sigma subunit?

Back 35

binds to RNA polymerase and recognize promoter.
2. a different gene is expressed