Gapcom 4/10 Cell Adaptation (X)

Front 1

describe specific mechanisms of adaptation to stress in cells.

Back 1

1. atrophy - shrinkage in size
2. hypertrophy - inc size of cells/organ
3. hyperplasia - inc number of cells in an organ or tissue
4. metaplasia - reversible change in which one adult epithelia type is replaced by another adult epithelial type. (ex. squamous metaplasia in chronic bronchitis), can give rise to dysplasia or squamous cell carcinoma.
5. dysplasia - epithelial or mesenchymal cells that have undergone proliferation and atypical cytologic alterations involving cell size, shape, and orientation. dysplasia -> cancer (ex. leukoplakia,

Front 2

three types of cells with dif cell life-cycle patterns

Back 2

1. labile (G1) dividing all the time, ex. epithelium & stem cells.
2. stable (G0) holding pattern, ex. liver parencyhma & smooth muscle cells.
3. nondividing permanent cells - out of cell cycle, ex. neurons, cardiac myocytes

Front 3

types of hyperplasia

Back 3

1. physiologic - hormonal induced - breast,uterus
2. compensatory - ex. partial hepatectomy
3. pathologic - excessive hormonal stimulation
4. viral induced - papillomaviruses

Front 4

causes of hypertrophy

Back 4

increased functional demand
hormonal stimulation

Front 5

types of hypertrophy

Back 5

1. physiologic - uterus during pregnancy
2. pathologic - LVH dur to hypertension or calcific aortic stenosis

Front 6

define atrophy (give an example), and list causes of atrophy

Back 6

shrinkage in size of cell by loss of structural components (disuse atrophy)
1. dec work load
2. loss of innervation
3. diminished blood supply
4. inadequate nutrition
5. loss of endocrine stimulation
6. aging

Front 7

A 50-year old man had renal cell carcinoma for which he underwent unilateral nephrectomy. The contralateral kidney would later show signs of:

Back 7

Hypertrophy

Front 8

At autopsy, one year after the onset of pituitary insufficiency, the thyroid was pathologically altered and showed signs of diffuse:

Back 8

Atrophy

Front 9

The appearance of intestinal epithelium among atrophic gastric glands in patients with chronic gastritis is an example of:

Back 9

Metaplasia