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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Name the 3 causes of Urethritis
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
Neisseria gonorrheae Chlamydia trachomatis |
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What is the name of the top opportunistic Bacteria?
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What is the etiology of genitourinary infections? (how are they transmitted?)
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Usually they are sexually transmitted
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What fact about Neisseria meningococcus' capsule makes this microbe so unique?
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The capsule changes depending on where the microbe is. The capsule is on when traveling in blood, and off when invading mucosal cells.
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What is the main difference between Meningococcus and Gonococcus?
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GC DOES NOT HAVE A CAPSULE, and causes gonorrhea which produces local inflammation and is rarely fatal.
MC HAS A CAPSULE, and causes meningitis and other diseases, which are systemic and life threatening |
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Why are the diseases caused by MC and GC so different?
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MC is the normal flora in the posterior pharynx for 5-10% of people.
GC NOT normal flora. If its isolated, you have the infection |
Part of normal flora or not.
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Which mucous membranes do MC and GC penetrate respectively?
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MC penetrates mucous membranes of the nasopharynx.
GC penetrates the mucous membranes of the fallopian tubes. |
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What are some similarities between MC and GC?
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Both Gram-, diplococci, infect man exclusively, initiate infection on mucosal surfaces, makes endotoxin (LPS), good colonizers, and share 80% of DNA similarity.
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What is the main difference in MC and GC in terms of how they infect?
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MC has a capsule and can proliferate in blood.
GC does NOT have a capsule, and therefore is killed easily in blood. |
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Why is GC so prevalent?
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*Immune system Evasion: It is a master of disguises with genotypic and phenotypic variations on pili and Opa
*Antibiotic resistance (penicillinase producing bacteria) |
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Summarize N. gonorrhoeae in terms of type of infection, and Vi factors.
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*Ascending Infection
*Virulence Factors: Pili Opa LPS (LOS) IgA1 Protease Iron Acquisiton *PPNG (ABX resistance) *NO CAPSULE |
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What is the major virulence factor for MC?
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Meningococci Capsule!
Has many capsule types Can switch capsule on or off |
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Summarize N. meningitidis
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*Starts is upper respiratory tract.
*Can cross epithelial barriers *Capsule mediates serum resistance *Many capsule types *Rapid growth in serum *Initial Flu-like symptoms *Rapid TX is key |
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What microbe species that resembles Neisseriae causes otitis media?
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Moraxella cararrhalis
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Name the three main Spirochetes and the diseases they cause.
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Treponema pallidum: Syphilis
Borrelia burgdorferi: Lyme Dse Leptospira: Leptospirosis |
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Name the various stages of Syphilis.
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*Incubation stage: 2-12 wks
*Primary stage: Contagious, hard and painless ulcer,chancre heals in 4-6wks. *Secondary Stage: Contagious, Skin&Mucous membrane lesions occur. *Latent Syphilis: No clinical signs *Tertiary stage: 5-40 yrs after 1st infection,develop gummas, Lesions are NOT contagious |
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Which of the stages of Syphilis is most infective?
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The secondary stage
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Name the three diseases that produce gramulomas
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*Syphilis: tertiary stage, develop gummas
*TB *Sarcoidosis |
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What other diseases can tertiary syphilis progress into?
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Cardiovascular Syphilis
Neurosyphilis Tabes dorsalis Other: Syphilis of the bone, Infections of the eyes and skin |
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What is congenital syphilis and how does it occur? Can the fetus be treated?
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Congenital syphilis is when a fetus become infected. Spirochetes can cross the placental barrier. If mom is TX before the 5th month, baby should be syphilis free
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Name the 3 main spirochete microbes, and the diseases they cause.
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Treponema pallidum- Syphilis
Borrelia burgdorferi- Lyme Dse Leptospira- Leptospirosis |
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How is Treponema pallidum typically visualized?
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By dark field microscopy or special staining
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Name the stages of syphilis
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Incubation stage: 2-12 wks
Primary stage: Contagious, chancre appears(painless ulcer) Secondary stage: contagious, skin and mucous membrane lesions appear Latent stage: no clinical signs. Tertiary stage: 5-40 yrs after infection, gummas may develop, cardiovascular syphilis, neurosyphilis, Tabes dorsalis, syphilis of the bone, eyes, and skin |
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What stage of syphilis is most infective?
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Secondary stage
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Name the three diseases that can produce granulomas
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Syphilis
TB Sarcoidosis |
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Name the two types of Syphilis
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Aquired and Congenital
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What are the ways that syphilis is diagnosed? (Testing)
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Microscopy: dark field (rapid+efficient), Fuorescent Antibody test (accurate, used to eval false postitives.
Serological Tests: Reaginic (screening tests) and Treponemal (confirmatory tests) |
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What is the drug of choice to treat syphilis?
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Penicillin
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Name the four other non-sexually transmitted teponemal infections mentioned in class.
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Treponema pertenue- Yaws
Treponema vincentii- Trench Mouth Treponmea carateum- Pinta (blue stain disease) Treponema endemicum- Endemic syphilis |
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What are the stages of Treponema pertenue (Yaws)
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Primary: Initial yaws lesion develops
Secondary: multiple skin lesions Latent: usually no symptoms Tertiary: Bone, joint, & soft tissue deformities |
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What regions of the world are affected by Yaws, and what organisms become infected with this disease?
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Restricted to the tropics, and humans are the only hosts.
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What is the other name for Treponema vincentii, and what does this microbe cause?
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Trench Mouth which is a severe form of gingivitis (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis). Due to poor hygiene, unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition and smoking.
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Of the treponemas, which one is the most benign and why?
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Treponmea carateum (Pinta) is the most benign form because the skin is the only organ involved.
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In Borrelia (Lyme disease), at which life stage of the tick do they transmit the disease to humans?
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Nymph stage
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What is the most common tick transmitted illness in the US, and where is the highest prevalence in the US?
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Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease). Most prevalent in the Northeast.
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What do you need to do in the first 24 hrs to decrease the risk of contracting Lyme Disease?
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Need to remove the head of the tic completely
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What symptoms characterize "atypical pneumonias"
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Pts present by not being quite as "ill". Unproductive cough, low grade fever, more systemic symptoms.
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Name some possible microbes responsible for "atypical pneumonias"
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia pneumoniae Viral pneumonia (influenzae) |
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What bug is the most common STD in the USA?
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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What are the stages of Treponema pertenue (Yaws)
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Primary: Initial yaws lesion develops
Secondary: multiple skin lesions Latent: usually no symptoms Tertiary: Bone, joint, & soft tissue deformities |
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What regions of the world are affected by Yaws, and what organisms become infected with this disease?
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Restricted to the tropics, and humans are the only hosts.
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What is the other name for Treponema vincentii, and what does this microbe cause?
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Trench Mouth which is a severe form of gingivitis (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis). Due to poor hygiene, unsanitary conditions, poor nutrition and smoking.
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Of the treponemas, which one is the most benign and why?
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Treponmea carateum (Pinta) is the most benign form because the skin is the only organ involved.
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In Borrelia (Lyme disease), at which life stage of the tick do they transmit the disease to humans?
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Nymph stage
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What is the most common tick transmitted illness in the US, and where is the highest prevalence in the US?
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Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease). Most prevalent in the Northeast.
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What do you need to do in the first 24 hrs to decrease the risk of contracting Lyme Disease?
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Need to remove the head of the tic completely
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What symptoms characterize "atypical pneumonias"
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Pts present by not being quite as "ill". Unproductive cough, low grade fever, more systemic symptoms.
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Name some possible microbes responsible for "atypical pneumonias"
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia pneumoniae Viral pneumonia (influenzae) |
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What bug is the most common STD in the USA?
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Chlamydia trachomatis
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What are the two bodies produced in the life cycle of Chlamydia?
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Elementary Body
Reticulate Body |
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Describe the Elementary Body and why is it different from the Reticulate body?
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Elementary body is the only infectious stage of the chlamydial developmental cycle. They are small, round and electron dense. Fxns as tough spore like body for survival. Metabolically inactive
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Describe the Reticulate body and why they are different from the elementary bodies
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Reticulate body: stage responsible for intracellular replication. Non-infectious, metabolically active, cytoplasm rich in ribosomes
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What makes chlamydia so unique?
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Chlamydia are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens, and lack the ability to grow independently. Have a characteristic dimorphic growth cycle.
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What are the two bugs that can cause a positive "whiff" test?
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Trichimonas vaginalis
Gardneerella vaginalis |
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What microbes cause atypical pneumonias?
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Coxiella curnetii Legionella pneumophila Chlamydia pneumoniae Viral pneumonia such as influenzae |
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Name the microbe that causes Whooping cough, and name the stages of this microbe
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Bordetella pertussis
Goes through 2 stages 1=Colonization Stage 2=Toxemic Stage |
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What bugs exhibit a type III secretion system where the host cell does all the work?
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Yersinia
Shigella E.Coli (some) F. tularensis |
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What are the two main causes of spontaneous abortion in animals?
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*Erythrotol, which can promote infections in the fetus and placenta.
*Lack of anti-Brucella activity in the amniotic fluid. |
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Which two microbes cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)?
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Yersinia pesitis
Nesseria menegitidis (MC) |
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Why do antibiotics have little effect on mycoplasmas?
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B-lactams are ineffective on mycoplasmas because they lack a cell wall.
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What are the two bugs that are trying to be killed through pasterization?
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Listeria
Brucella |
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What is so unique about the tick that causes lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)?
In what other disease(s) does this occur? |
The tick serves as both a reservoir and as a vector.
This also happens in Rickettsia ricketsii |
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Name the 2 obligate intracellular pathogens (cannot live outside host cells) we have studied this term.
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Chlamydia
Rickettsia |
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Name 2 microbes that live in dust.
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Diptheria
Coxiella burnetii |
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