Ga - Musculoskeletal System

Front 1

ECM of bone (3)

Back 1

Bones are hard bodies of CT whose ECM is a mixture of calcium phosphate crystals, organic molecules, and protein fibers.

Front 2

Intracartilaginous (endochondral) Ossification

Back 2

In all the bones of the upper and lower limbs (except for the clavicle), a cartilaginous model of the bones first replaces the initial mesenchymal model, and the deposition of bony tissue then subsequently occurs within the cartilaginous model. (The process if bony tissue replacing cartilaginous tissue)

Front 3

Long bones of the limbs (10)

Back 3

humerus of the arm, radius and ulna of the forearm, metacarpals of the palm, phalanges of the thumb and fingers, femur of the thigh, tibia and fibula of the leg, metatarsals of the foot, and the phalanges of the toes.

Front 4

Diaphysis

Back 4

Intracartilaginous ossification of the long bones of the limbs begins during early fetal development at a single primary center of ossiifcation in the middle of the diaphysis (shaft) of each long bone

Front 5

Epiphysis

Back 5

A secondary center of ossification appears at one or both ends of the bone after birth. The end part of a long bone that develops from this is the epiphysis.

Front 6

Epiphyseal plate (EP)

Back 6

At the end of a long bone that bears a growing epiphysis, a zone of hyaline cartilage called an EP intervenes between the diaphysis and epiphysis.

Front 7

Metaphysis

Back 7

The end part of the diaphysis that is in direct contact with the EP. It is where new bone tissue is deposited.

Front 8

Growth Plates

Back 8

A zone of proliferating chondrocytes, which produce a zone of new hyaline cartilage is in the epiphyseal side of each EP. This cartilage is then replaced by bony tissue in the metaphysis, which increases the diaphysis' length.

Front 9

Epiphyseal Line

Back 9

By age 25, bony tissue replaces each epiphyseal plate and the diaphysis fuses with the epiphysis to form mature bone. The zone of fusion consists of dense bony tissue so it can be seen in radiographs as this line.

Front 10

Salter-Harris Classification Scheme for Epiphyseal Plate Fracture - Type I fracture

Back 10

Extends through only the EP

Front 11

Salter-Harris Classification Scheme for Epiphyseal Plate Fracture - Type II fracture

Back 11

Extends through the EP and adjacent metaphysis

Front 12

Salter-Harris Classification Scheme for Epiphyseal Plate Fracture - Type III fracture

Back 12

Extends through the EP and epiphysis

Front 13

Salter-Harris Classification Scheme for Epiphyseal Plate Fracture - Type IV fracture

Back 13

Extends through the epiphysis, EP, and metaphysis

Front 14

Salter-Harris Classification Scheme for Epiphyseal Plate Fracture - Type V fracture

Back 14

Is a severe compression injury to the EP

Front 15

Differences between the types of fractures

Back 15

Type I and II have a more favorable prognosis than III, IV, and V. Types III, IV, and V fractures extends through the epiphyseal side of the EP thus injuring the proliferating chondrocytes in the EP, which can increase the likelihood of retarded longitudinal growth at the end of the bone and of premature fusion of the epiphysis with the diaphysis.

Front 16

Cartilages (ECM)

Back 16

Are bodes of firm or hard CT whose ECM is a mixture of organic molecules and protein fibers. The lack of calcium phosphate crystal deposits causes radiolucent images on radiographs.

Front 17

Joints (what they are and what they consist of) and their articular surfaces

Back 17

The sites of union between bones or bodies of cartilage, and consist of the tissues that unite the bones or cartilages at these sites.
Articular surfaces of a joint are the surface areas that oppose each other at the joint

Front 18

Synovial joints and cavity

Back 18

Almost all the joints of the upper and lower limbs of an adult are synovial joints, which are an articulation in which the articular surfaces of the bones are separated from each other within the confines of a membrane-lined, fluid-filled cavity called the synovial cavity. These joints provide the greatest range and freedom movement.

Front 19

Synovial membrane and fluid

Back 19

The articular surfaces of the bones in a synovial joint are covered with (hyaline) cartilage. The fluid-filled cavity is directly lined by a synovial membrane, except where the cavity is bordered by articular cartilage. The synovial membrane secretes the synovial fluid that fills the synovial cavity. The entire joint is enclosed within a Capsule of Fibrous CT

Front 20

Tendons

Back 20

The bands of CT that typically extend between the belly of a skeletal muscle and one of its attachment sites. It is always part of a muscle and is very flexible. It's basically the ECM of muscle.

Front 21

Ligaments

Back 21

Bands of CT that bind together bones or bodes of cartilage. Never are part of muscle and aren't flexible, but can be stretched.

Front 22

Fascia

Back 22

Any collection of CT large enough to be described by the unaided eye. Is like tissue paper in cadaver.