Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
LOD Score
|
(odds[linkage:no linkage])
-3= 1:1000 against linkage 3= 1000:1 for linkage |
|
|
Identity by State (IBS)
|
The two genotypes look like each other
(Aa-Aa IBS-2; AA-Aa IBS-1; aa-AA IBS-0) |
|
|
Identity by Descent (IBD)
|
Whether or not two offspring received the same allele (from the same parent)
|
|
|
Parametric Linkage Analyses Require
|
~Mode of inheritance
~Disease allele frequency ~Penetrance |
|
|
IBD Typical Percentages
|
IBD 0-25%
IBD 1-50% IBD 2-25% |
|
|
Difficulties w/ Complex Disorders
|
~Many genes of small effect
~Genetic heterogeneity ~Epistasis ~Gene-environment interaction ~Phenotype definition |
|
|
Nonparametric Linkage Analyses
|
~Makes no assumptions about number of genes or their mode of action
~Multiple genes with environmental interaction ~Used in analysis of complex diseases ~Based on allele-sharing |
|
|
An Advantage & Disadvantage of Linkage Analyses
|
~Robust to population stratification
~Not very powerful |
|
|
2 Types of Association Studies
|
Case-Control and Family-based
|
|
|
Linkage is____ while association is ___
|
family-based
population-based |
|
|
Population Stratificaton
|
the idea that natural ancestral variations in allele frequency exist and they sometimes coincide with existence of a disorder
|
|
|
How to control for population stratification
|
~Calculate genetic ancestry based on genotypes
~Type ancestry informative markers ~Use genomic control (markers that are related to certain races) |
|
|
Family-Based Association
|
if the risk allele is present in more than half of the affecteds, there is evidence of association
|
|
|
Why 1 billion basepairs aren't used
|
Linkage Disequilibrium
|
|
|
Linkage Disequilibrium
|
alleles that are close together tend to be associated
|
|
|
Illegal vs. Illicit Drugs
|
Illegal-are not legally availible
Illicit-substances that may not be illegal but are misused |
|
|
Behavioral Effects of THC
|
~Euphoria and relaxation
~Enhances sensory perception ~Distortion of time and loss of memory ~Increased sociability ~Wear off causes lethargy and increased appetite ~Cannabis intoxication can cause anxiety and paranoia |
|
|
Comorbidity
|
the presence of one or more disorders in addition to a primary disease or disorder
|
|
|
Independent Pathway Model
|
gene overlapping could be independent; genes all related to different things
|
|
|
Common Pathway Model
|
an underlying factor affects multiple things
|
|
|
Gateway Theory
|
Users of a gateway drug will be at increased risk for use of other hard drugs
|
|
|
Using Discordant Twin Designs
|
Solely Environment-Sample, DZ, MZ are all the same
Solely Genes-MZ correlation is 1 GxE-MZ correlation isn't one but there is a "step down" |
