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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Phyla
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Chytriodomycota
Zygomycota Glomeromycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota |
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Phylum Chytridomycota
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May provide clues about fungal origins
1 of the oldest Aquatic Some saprobes Some parasites Most primitive Form unflagellated spores called zoospores |
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Phylum Zygomycota
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Form resistant structures during sexual reproduction (only done if food supply is up)
One group forms mycorrhizae Common one is black bread mold Asexual-form bulbous black sporangia develop at tips of upright hyphae |
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Zygosporangium
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A resistant structure produced by plasmogamy. Karyogamy & meiosis occur when conditions are better. Resistant to freeze & drying & are metabolically inactive (can survive for centuries). When conditions improve it releases genetically diverse haploid spores
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Phylum Glomeromycota
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Form arbuscular mycorrhizae
Found in 90% of plants |
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Arbuscular mycorrhizae
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Type of symbionic relationship where fungi pushes into plant root cells & forms arbuscles (tiny-tree like structures)
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Mycorrhizae
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Mutual association of plant roots & fungi
Extensions of fungal mycelium greatly increase absorptive surface of roots Exchange of minerals accumulated from the soil by the fungus for organiz nutrients synthesized by the plant Almost all vascular plants -Ascomycota, basidiomycota, & zygomycota 1/2 of mushroom-forming live as mycorrhizae w/ oak, birch, & pine trees Important in natural ecosystems & agriculture |
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Ecological Impact of Fungi
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Principal decomposers
Some are pathogens 30% of 100,000 species are parasites |
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Lichens
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Symbiotic association of photosynthetic microorganisms held in mesh of fungal hyphae.
Fused-given given species & genus names Fungus give shape & structure, suitable growth environment, and sometimes provides protection. Algae gives fungus food. Lichens can live where neither symbiont could live alone. |
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Ophoiostoma ulmi
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Ascomycete. Dutch Elm Disease.
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Cryphonectria parasitica
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Eliminated American Chesnut.
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Pathogenic/dangerous Fungi
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Some infect grain crops (wheat rust)
Mold Aspergillus-aflatoxins-carcinogenic. Claviceps purpurea-forms purple structures called ergots on rye. It's poisons cause gangrene, nervous spasms, hallucinations, & temporary insanity. Athlete's foot & lung disease. 50 species are parasitic in humans/animals |
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Mycosis
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Fungal infection
Includes ringworm |
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Systemic Mycosis
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Fungal infection spread throughout body from inhaled spores.
Ex. Histoplasmosis & coccidiodomycosis |
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Commercial importance
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Flavors of roquefort & blue cheese
Morrels & truffles-delicacies 1st antibiotic-penicillium |
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Phylum Ascomycota
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Sac fungi
Produce sexual spores in saclike asci Marine, freshwater, & terrestrial Size-from unicellular yeasts to elaborate cup fungi & morels Has devastating plant pathogens Many important saprobes. |
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Ascocarps
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Macroscopic fruiting bodies of sac fungi (ascomycetes). Produce spores at tips of specialized hyphae (conidiophores) spores called conidia
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Phylum Basidiomycota
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"Little pedestal"
Includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, puffballs, rusts and smuts Decomposers of wood & other plant material (best at lignin) Basidium-transient diploidd stage in organism's life cycle |
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Basidiocarps
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Elaborate fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes.Ex. Mushroom.
Cap supports & protects large surface area of basidia on gills. Basidia-source of sexual spores. |
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Molds
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Rapidly growing, asexually reproducing fungi. Mold refers to early asexual life stages-may later reproduce sexually.
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Yeasts
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Unicellular fungi that inhabit liquid or moist habitats. Some produce sexually by forming asci or basidia. Most reproduce asexually (cell division or budding)
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Deutermycetes
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Molds w/ no known sexual stage (imperfect fungi)
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Saccharaomyces cerevisiae
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Ascomycete-most important of al ldomesticated fungi. Baker's yeast & brewer's yeast (releases small bubbles of CO2) Cultured anaerobically, ferments sugars to alcohol.
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Rhodotorula
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Pink yeast, grows on shower curtains & other moist surfaces
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Candida
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Yeast-inhabitant of moist epithelial tissue-opportunistic
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Fungi
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Eukaryotes-most unicellular
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Fungi Nutrition
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Heterotrophs-aquire nutrients by absorption. Digest food outside of body by secreting powerful hydrolytic enzymes (exoenzymes)
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Fungi function
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Decomposers
Parasites Mutualistic symbionts |
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Hyphae
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Not in yeasts or microspordia. Tubular walls that surround plasma membranes & cytoplasm
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Mycelium
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Interwoven mat of hyphae
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Armillaria Ostoyae
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3.2 miles in diameter
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Septa
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Divide hyphae w/ holes large enough holes to allow cellular orgaelles to flow from cell to cell
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Fungi walls
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Made of Chitin
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Aseptate
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Hyphae not divided
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Coenocytic Fungi
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Aseptate- continuous cytoplasmic mass
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Haustoria
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Absorbing hyphal tips that penetrate host tissue
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Fungi Reproduction
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Release spores that are produced sexually or asexually Distributed by air.
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MAKE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
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MAKE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
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