Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
1. what are Endemic dimorphic fungi in US?
2. Opportunistic fungi |
1. Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis Histoplasma capsulatum 2. Candida sp Aspergillus sp Mucor sp. Pneumoncystis jiroveci |
|
|
2. What is endemic?
2b. what is dimorphic? what are they? |
2. geographic
2b. Exist in 2 morphologically different forms 1. Molds- multicellular, thread-like hyphae found in environment (free-living phase) 2. Yeasts- single cell form found in tissues (parasitic phase) |
|
|
3. what do you inhale in endemic fingal LRTI?
3b. What holds it in chesk 3c. when is it reactivated? |
Can result following inhalation of conidia
May be self-limiting disease held in check by CMI. Organisms persist but fail to grow as long as anti-fungal CMI is strong Can be reactivated if individual become immune suppressed |
|
|
4. Histoplasma capsulatum - where is it found?
4b. what enhances its growth? 4c. 3 specific envirmonments? |
Soil organism
4b.Growth in soil enhanced by bird or bat guano (poop) 4c.Specific types of environments Caves Chicken coops Old buildings |
|
|
5. What is conidia transformed into with the body's high temp?
5b. What attacks them? 5c. What is killing them dependent on? |
Transform into yeasts
Phagocytosed by macrophages but are not killed Killing of intracellular yeast depends on Th1 cell activation of macrophages through release of g-IFN FYI - By this time, organisms have spread widely in lung |
|
|
histoplasma capsulatum continued...
6. What does it appear as in the lungs? 6b. What happens in the long run to them on CXR? |
6a. Granulomas form around infected macrophages
6b. Later they calcify (can see this on CXR) Organisms remain viable in granulomas for years |
|
|
Clinical manifestations of histoplasma capsulatum:
7. what is initial illness like? 7b. what is the DX and treatment? |
7a. Flu like symptoms
7b. culture of sputum (KOH) and bx lung tissue shows yeast in the macs Severe - amphotericin B, and mild to moderate - itraconazole |
|
|
Blastomyces dermatitidis
8. where is this found in nature? 8b. Where is this found in the US? |
8a. soil organism found in decaying LEAF matter
8b. Central and eastern US |
|
|
9. Blastomycosis is similar pathogenesis to Histoplasma.
But what is the key finding that seperates Blasto from histo? |
Blasto has skin lesions!!!
FYI - same treatment |
|
|
10. Coccidioides immitis (is the fungal form) of Coccidioidomycosis
a. Where is it found? b. Pathogenesis |
a. Semi arid regions of the SW USA
b. Probably associated with burrows of desert animals Grows rapidly following rain; drought and windy conditions spread organism large distances Many people in area have serologic evidence of prior infection |
|
|
11. Coccidioidomycosis
a. you inhale the conidia into your alveli --> what happens next b. Are they a yeast? c. How do you control the infection? d. WHAT SEPERATES Cocci form histo and blasto? |
a. conodia Transformation into a spherule containing endospores
b. NO!! they are extracellular c. Control with Th1 cells and macs. d. there is PAIN (ARTHRALGIA) in addition to fever and dry cough. (same THX) |
|
|
12. You know that Candida is part of normal flora of nasopharynx, skin, vagina, but which one is responsible for most infections?
(FYI) - start of oppostunistic fungi b. 4 Causes of infection with candida |
C. albicans is responsible for most infections
b. T cell immune suppression Antibiotic therapy Insertion of catheter Neutropenia |
|
|
13. Candida albicans,
a. What Dz are associated with it? b. Where do you cultue it? |
a. Disease associations
Thrush Vaginal yeast infections Esophagitis Candidemia Pneumonia Hepatospenic candidiasis Diagnosis b. Culture of blood or biopsied lung tissue Blood agar or Sabouraud’s agar |
|
|
14. You find this fungus espically in the renovation of old buildings (damp, musty places)
b. what is the key histological appearance of the hyphae? c. Treatment? |
14a. Aspergillus!
b. Histopathology of infection- see acutely branching septate hyphae; may see fruiting bodies in lung (FYI - Organism can invade blood vessels to disseminate, leading to necrotic skin lesions and brain abscesses) c. Amphotericin B, voriconazole, caspofungin |
|
|
This fungal infection is commonly seen in AIDS, once thought yo be a protozoan, and Replicates in the surfactant layer above the alveolar epithelium
Forms trophozoites and cysts As proliferation continues, damage to basement membrane occurs altering permeability and reducing exchange of oxygen |
Pneumocystis jiroveci!!!
|
|
|
16. What are the clinical manifestations of Pneumocystis jiroveci?
b. DX is made with? c. Treatment? |
a. Clinical Manifestations
Dyspnea, dry cough, fatigue plus or minus low grade fever Diagnosis b.Microscopic examination of BAL fluid stained with Giemsa, toluidine blue, methenamine silver See thin walled trophozoites and thick walled cysts containing 4-8 nuclei c.Treatment and prevention TMP/SMX |
