Fungal Pathogens 2

Front 1

What are the two types of fungi that can cause systemic infections?

Back 1

Opportunistic and deep-seated.

Front 2

What are opportunistic mycoses caused by? Where are they found?

Back 2

Fungi of low virulence in hosts with impaired immunity. Generally ubiquitous.

Front 3

What infections are associated with opportunistic infections?

Back 3

Candidosis, Aspergillosis, Hyalohyphomycosis and Zygomycosis.

Front 4

What are deep seated mycoses caused by? Where are they found?

Back 4

Fungi which are true pathogens in host with normal immunity.Usually limited geographical loaction.

Front 5

What infections are associated with deep seated mycoses?

Back 5

Cryptococcosis, Blastomycosis, Coccidioidomycosis, Paracoccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis.

Front 6

What is Candida a commensal of?

Back 6

Mucous membranes-vagina and oropharynx.

Front 7

What causes vaginal candidiasis? What are the triggers?

Back 7

Changes in the environment affecting the normal bacterial flora of the vagina. Antibiotic use, pregnancy, diabetes mellitus and oral contraceptive pill.

Front 8

What are the manifestations of vaginal candidiasis?

Back 8

Thick, white-cure like discharge, inflamed vaginal walls with adherent plaques of discharge, inflammation may extend onto vulva and perineum, intense itching.

Front 9

What type of patients is oral candidasis seen in? What is its presentation?

Back 9

Those with impaired immune system. Those on steroid therpay, cancer treatment or AIDs patients. Adherent white plawues on tongue or buccal mucosa with raw, bleeding mucose when scarped off and chronic atrophic candidasis beneath dentures.

Front 10

What type of patients are seen with oesophageal candidiasis? What are its manifestations?

Back 10

Those undergoing treatment for malignancy of haemopoeitic or lymphatic systems and AIDS patients. Painful swallowing, feeling of obstruction when swallowing, substernal chest pain, sometimes nausea and vomiting.

Front 11

What group of patients are usually seen with nonesophageal gastrointestinal candidiasis? Where does it occur?

Back 11

Those with oesophageal candidiasis.
Stomach and small or large bowel.

Front 12

What is Candidaemia? What are the risk factors for it?

Back 12

Candida in the bloodstream. Debilitation, recent surgery, immunosuppression, adminstration of antibiotics, intravascular cannulas, concurrent skin or mucous membrane canduduasis and patient on total parenteral nutrition.

Front 13

What are the clinical manifestations for Candidaemia? How may it cause death? What is the mortality of candidaemia?

Back 13

Skin nodules indicating haematogenous dissemination to skin, white "cotton wool" lesions on retina or in aqueous. Disseminates and grows in organs, often silently. 40%.

Front 14

What is dissesminated candidiasis? Which organs may be involved?

Back 14

Produce lesions in organs after dissemintaing from bloodstream. Ocular-"cotton wool" lesions causing permanent blindness, CNS-abscesses and meningits, Respiratory-haematogenous seeding producing finedly nodular, diffuse infiltrate, Endocarditis-valvular infection, Myocarditis-scattered microabscesses or pericarditis, musculoskeletal-infect bones, joints and muscles, intrabdominal-peritonitis and hepatosplenic.

Front 15

What part of Aspergillosis is inhaled? What are the three most common pathogen causing species of Aspergillosis?

Back 15

Conidia-a-sexual, non-motile spores of a fungus.
A. fumigatus,A. flavus and A. niger. (A. fumigatus is most common)

Front 16

What are the four major groups of conditions causes by inhalation of Aspergillus conidia?

Back 16

Pulmonary aspergillosis, disseminated aspergillosis, aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses, cutaneous aspergillosis.

Front 17

What are the three conditions included in pulmonary aspergillosis?

Back 17

Allergic pulmonary conditions, aspergilloma (fungus ball) and invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.

Front 18

What diseases are allergic pulmonary conditions due to aspergillosis?

Back 18

Extrinsic asthma flu-like + wheeze, extrinsic asthma alveolitis, no wheeze, and allergic bronchopulmonary , fungi grow in airways.

Front 19

What is aspergilloma? How does it occur? Is it invasive? Presenting symtpom?

Back 19

Fungus ball. Aspergillus colonises pre-fromed cavities as a result of TB or sarcoidosis. No, thoug can erode nearby structures. Haemoptysis.

Front 20

What is invasvive pulmonary aspergillosis? How can it be fatal?

Back 20

Necrotising pneumonia in which fungus invades small vessels leading to ischaemia and necrosis of surrounding tissues. Septic emboli carried though body causing abscesses.

Front 21

What is disseminated aspergillosis?

Back 21

Seen in immunocompromised with hematagenous dissemination usually starting in lung.

Front 22

What two forms are there of apergillosis of the paranasal sinuses? What do they cause?

Back 22

Non-invasive, chronic sinusistis and poorly draining sinuses, and invasive, fever, rhinitis and invasion into the orbit.

Front 23

What occurs during cutaenous aspergillosis?

Back 23

Erythematous papules or macules with progressive central necrosis.

Front 24

What are hyalohyphomycoses caused by? What are two major genus of pathogen causing hyalhyphomycosis? What infections do they cause?

Back 24

Hyaline hyphomycetes.
Acremonium abd Fusarium.
Mycotic keratitis (corneal infection), onychomycosis, skin infections and fungaemia and disseminated infection.

Front 25

What is another name for the Zygomycosis? What are the two most commone genera of the Zygomycosis? How is infection acquired?

Back 25

Mucormycosis.
Rhizopus and Mucor.
Inhalation, ingestion or inoculation into skin.

Front 26

What types if infection are seen in zygomycosis and what are the symptoms?

Back 26

Rhinocerebral zygomycosis- sinusitis with rapid invasion of orbit and brain, pulmonary zygomycosis-chest pain, haemoptysis and productive cough, cutaneous zygomycosis-cellulitis, ulceration, gangrene and disseminated zygomycosis-invasion of bloosdtream to organs.

Front 27

What is cryptococcosis caused by? Which serotypes are associated with pigeons? Which are associated with eucalyptus trees? How do humans get it?

Back 27

Cryptococcus neoformans.
A&D. B&C.
Inhalational route.

Front 28

What are the clinical manifestations of cryptococcosis? What other organs may be affected?

Back 28

Respiratory cryptococcosis-lung infection, CNS cryptococcosis-meningoencephalitis and cutaneous-10% of patients have skin lesions.
Bone. prostate, eye, liver, heart and kidneys.

Front 29

What type of fungi are Blastomyces? What does this mean? What si the main cause for Blastomycosis?

Back 29

Dimorphic-exist in fung or mycelial form.
Blastomyces dermatitidis.

Front 30

Where is Blastomyces dermatitidis found? What forms does lastomycosis take?

Back 30

Warm, moist, sil in USA, Canada and South Africa. Primary pulmonary disease-self-limiting flu and can cause lesions in bone, Chronic cutaneous disease-ulcerating lesions and possible bone invasion, Systemc disease-rapidly progressive disease involving many organs.

Front 31

What is the cause of Coccidiodomycosis? Where is it found? What disease forms are seen?

Back 31

Coccidioides immitis.
Dry soil in SW parts of USA.
Primary pulmonary disease, infection in AIDS patients.

Front 32

What causes Paracoccidioidomycosis? Where is it found and in what type of people? What forms of disease does it cause?

Back 32

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis.
Soil in Central and South America, and most cases seen in agricultural workers.
Primary pulmonary disease and disseminated disease.

Front 33

What is the cause of histoplasmosis? What does it orginate from and how may humans get it? What happens in most cases? In 5% of cases? 1%? In AIDS patients?

Back 33

Histoplasma capsulatum.
Bird and bat faeces and many infections seen in those who inhale dust contaminated with faeces.
Asymptomatic.
Flu-like illness. Chronic progressive pulmonary disease.
Disseminated disease.