Fundamentals Of Speech, Test 2, Fall 2010

Front 1

Thesis

Back 1

What you want the audience to absorb from your speech

Front 2

Thesis presentation guidelines

Back 2

Informative speech: state it early, clearly, and directly.
Persuasive: b4 a neutral or positive audience, state it explicitly and early
Persuasive b4 a hostile audience: delay until the audience is closer to your point of view
Also: Recognize cultural differences in the way a thesis should be stated.

Front 3

How to find potential main points

Back 3

Ask questions about your thesis

Front 4

Ways to make your list of potential main points shorter and more meaningful

Back 4

eliminate points least important to your thesis.
Combine points with a common focus.
Select points most relevant or interesting to your audience.
Limit the number of main points.
Word each of your main points in parrallel style.
Develop main points so they are separate and discrete.

Front 5

The sources of support

Back 5

Examples.
Narratives.
Analogies.
Definitions.
Testimony.
Statistics.
Presentation Aids.

Front 6

Examples

Back 6

specific instances that are explained in varying degrees of detail.

Front 7

Narratives

Back 7

stories

Front 8

Types of narratives

Back 8

Explanatory narratives
exemplary narratives
persuasive narrratives

Front 9

analogies

Back 9

comparisons that make your ideas clear and vivid to your audience.

Front 10

Types of analogies

Back 10

literal and figurative

Front 11

figurative analogies

Back 11

compare items from different class (ie the flexibility afforded by a car with the freedom of a bird

Front 12

Literal analogies

Back 12

comparing items from the same class, ie two cars is a type of __________

Front 13

definition

Back 13

a statement of the meaning of a term or concept

Front 14

ways to define a term

Back 14

by etymology
by authority
by negation
by direct symbolization

Front 15

rules for statistics

Back 15

make them clear to your audience
make them meaningful
connect them with your point
use them in moderation
visually and verbally reinforce them

Front 16

testimony

Back 16

the opinions of experts or the accounts of witnesses

Front 17

statistics

Back 17

summary numbers that help you communicate the important characteristic of an otherwise complex set of numbers

Front 18

presentation aid

Back 18

a visual or auditory means for clarifying ideas

Front 19

Types of presentation aids

Back 19

modes
graphs
word charts
maps
people
photographs and illustrations
tapes, cds, and dvds

Front 20

models

Back 20

replicas of actual objects

Front 21

Media of Presentation Aids

Back 21

chalkboard or whiteboard
chartboards
flip charts
slides and transparency projections
videos
handouts

Front 22

Guidelines for Preparing presentation aids

Back 22

CLARITY
use colors that will make your message instantly clear
use direct phrases
use bullet points
use the aid to highlight a few essential points
use easy-to-read fonts
give the slide a title to guide attention and focus

Front 23

Guidelines for using presentation aids

Back 23

Know your aids intimately.
Test the aids before using them
rehearse your speech with the presentation aids incorporated into the presentation.
Integrate your aids seamlessly into your speech.
Don't talk to your aid.
Use the aid when it's relevant.

Front 24

Organizational patterns

Back 24

Temporal
Spatial
Topical
Problem Solution
Cause-Effect
Motivated Sequence
Structure-function
Comparison and Contrast
Pro and Con
Claim and Proof
Multiple Definition
The 5W's
Fiction-Fact

Front 25

Temporal pattern

Back 25

organizing your speech past to present

Front 26

spatial pattern

Back 26

organizing your main points on the basis of space.

Front 27

Topical pattern

Back 27

Organizing your speech according to each points relation to the topic

Front 28

Body

Back 28

the main part of your speech

Front 29

Problem-solution

Back 29

Organizational pattern in which you present an issue and its resolution

Front 30

Cause-Effect pattern

Back 30

Organizational pattern in which you divide the speech into two major sections:the source and the response

Front 31

Motivated sequence

Back 31

an organizational pattern in which you arrange your information so as to motivate your audience to respond positively to your purpose.

Front 32

The steps of a speech arranged in a motivational sequence.

Back 32

1) Attention
2) Need
3) Satisfaction
4) Visualization
5) Action

Front 33

Structure-Function

Back 33

an organizational pattern, in which you discuss how something is constructed and what it does

Front 34

Comparison and contrast

Back 34

An organizational pattern in which you analyze two different theories, proposals, departments, or products in terms of their similarities and differences

Front 35

Pro and Con

Back 35

an organizational pattern in which you explain objectively the advantages and disadvantages of a plan method or product

Front 36

Claim and Proof

Back 36

An organizational pattern in which you make an assertion and then back it up.

Front 37

Multiple Definition

Back 37

An organizational pattern often helpful for explaining specific concepts

Front 38

Fiction-Fact

Back 38

An organizational pattern useful for clarifying certain misconceptions.

Front 39

Functions of the introduction

Back 39

1) Gain attention
2) Establish a speaker-audience-topic connection
3) orient the audience as to what is to follow.

Front 40

Ways to Gain Attention

Back 40

Ask a question
refer to audience members
refer to recent happenings
use humor
stress the importance of the topic
use a presentation aid
tell the audience to pay attention
use a quotation
cite a little-known fact or statistic
use an illustration or dramatic story

Front 41

S-A-T

Back 41

Speaker-audience-topic connection

Front 42

Ways to make a S-A-T connection

Back 42

Refer to others present.
refer to the occasion.
express your pleasure or interest in speaking.
Establish your competence in the subject.
Compliment the audience
Express similarities with the audience.

Front 43

Orientation

Back 43

Helping the audience to know what to expect in the rest of the speech.

Front 44

The functions of the Conclusion

Back 44

1) summarize
2) motivate
3) provide closure

Front 45

The functions of the summary

Back 45

1) Restate your thesis or purpose.
2) Restate the importance of the topic.
3) Restate your main points.

Front 46

Ways to motivate

Back 46

ask for a specific response
provide directions for future action

Front 47

Ways to bring closure

Back 47

use a quotation
refer to subsequent events
refer back to the intro
pose a challenge or question
thank the audience

Front 48

Transitions

Back 48

words, phrases or sentences that connect the various parts of your speech

Front 49

Where to use transitions

Back 49

between the intro and the body
between the body and the conclusion
between the main points in the body

Front 50

The major functions of transitions

Back 50

to announce the start of a major proposition or piece of evidence.
To signal that you're drawing a conclusion from previously given evidence and argument.
To alert the audience to your introduction of a qualification or exception.
To remind listeners of what has just been said and of its connection with another issue that will now be considered.
To signal the part of your speech you're approaching.
To signal your organizational structure.
To summarize what you've already discussed.

Front 51

Common pitfalls in the introduction

Back 51

Don't apologize.
Avoid promising something you won't deliver.
Avoid gimmicks that gain attention but are irrelevant to the speech or inconsistent with your treatment of the topic.
Don't introduce your speech with ineffective statements.

Front 52

Common pitfalls in the conclusion

Back 52

Don't introduce new material.
Don't dilute your position.
Don't drag out your conclusion. End crisply.

Front 53

Common pitfalls in the transitions.

Back 53

Avoid too many or too few transitions.
Avoid transitions that are out of proportion to the speech parts they connect.

Front 54

Primacy and Recency

Back 54

The middle is remembered least and has the least general effect.
Lead with your strongest argument with a neutral or favorable audience.
Finish with your strongest argument with a hostile audience.

Front 55

Product placement

Back 55

the insertion of brand-name items in movies.