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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Infection.
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When microorganisms capable of producing disease (pathogens) invade the body
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An infection acquired in a health-care facility.
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Nosocomial Infection
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Name the components of the Chain of Infection.
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1) Infectious Agents
2) Reservoir 3) Portal of Exit 4) Mode of Transmission 5) Portal of Entry 6) Susceptible Host |
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Pathogens and Normal flora that become pathogenic identify this link of the Chain of Infection.
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Infectious Agents
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Where pathogens live and multiply identify this link of the Chain of Infection.
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Reservoir
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Provide examples of reservoirs.
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Living: humans, animals, insects
Non-living: Food, floors, equipment, contaminated water |
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Bodily fluids; Coughing, sneezing, diarrhea; Seeping wounds; and Tubes and IV lines are examples of this link of the Chain of Infection.
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Portal of Exit
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Direct contact (touching, kissing, sexual contact); indirect contact (with a fomite); a droplet (from cough or sneeze) and airborne routes (air conditioning and sweeping)
are examples of this link of the Chain of Infection. |
Mode of Transmission
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Eye, nares, mouth, vagina, cuts, scrapes; Wounds, surgical sites, IV or drainage tube sites; Bite from a vector are examples of this link of the Chain of Infection.
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Portal of Entry
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A person with inadequate defense (fatigue, stress, nutritional status, physical fitness, lack of sleep) identifies with this link of the Chain of Infection.
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Susceptible Host
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Name the modes of transmission for micro-organisms from the reservoir to the host.
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Micro-organisms can reside on both living and non-living things. They can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact, by a droplet or via air and can enter a susceptible host via the eye, nares, mouth, vagina, cuts, scrapes; wounds, surgical sites, IV or drainage tube sites or a bite from a vector
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Name the factors that influence a client's susceptibility to infection.
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1) Virulence
2) Number of organisms 3) Host’s defenses |
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Name the stages of infection.
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1) Incubation
2) Prodromal 3) Illnes 4) Decline 5) Covalesence |
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Describe the characteristics of the Incubation stage of infection.
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From time of infection until manifestation of symptoms; can infect others
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Describe the characteristics of the Prodromal stage of infection.
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Appearance of vague symptoms; not all diseases have this stage (3 days coming on with cold)
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Describe the characteristics of the Illness stage of infection.
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Signs and symptoms present (3 days with cold)
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Describe the characteristics of the Decline stage of infection.
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Number of pathogens decline (3 days getting rid of cold)
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Describe the characteristics of the Covalescence stage of infection.
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Tissue repair, return to health
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Stage of infection from time of infection until manifestation of symptoms; can infect others.
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Incubation
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Stage of infection that includes appearance of vague symptoms; not all diseases have this stage
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Prodromal
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Stage of infection where signs and symptoms are present (3 days with cold)
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Illness
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Stage of infection where number of pathogens decline (3 days getting rid of cold)
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Decline
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Stage of infection when tissue repairs and health returns
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Covalescence
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Describe the inflammatory process.
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1) Assessment: Fever, Increased pulse and respiratory rate, nausea/vomiting, enlarged lymph nodes
2) Laboratory Values: Leukocytosis (WBCs > 11,000/uL); Presence of micro-organism on culture |
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Describe how the nurse would assess for inflammation.
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The nurse will identify the classic signs and symptoms of:
1) localized heat 2) erythema (redness) |
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Explain the purpose of leukocytosis.
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Leukocytosis indicates illness as white blood cells exceed the normal range
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State the normal WBC range.
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5,000 - 10,000/cu mm
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Describe nursing interventions that interrupt the chain of infection
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1) Frequent and effective handwashing
2) Educating the patient on required and recommended immunizations 3) Educating patient on good oral hygiene 4) Encourage patient to consume adequate amounts of fluids 5) Use of aseptic technique and proper personal protective equipment |
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Describe the most common causes for nosocomial infections.
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1) E. Coli
2) Staphylococcus aureus |
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Describe the most common sites for nosocomial infections.
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1) Urinary tract
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Differentiate between medical and surgical asepsis.
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Medical Asepsis: "Clean Technique." State of cleanliness that decreases the potential for the spread of infections promoted through maintaining a clean environment, clean hands and following Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines
Surgical Asepsis: "Sterile Technique." Creation of a sterile environment by use of sterile equipment/supplies, sterilization of reusable supplies, surgical hand scrub and attire, sterile gloves, sterile field, and use of sterile technique |
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Below are examples of which type of asepsis?
1) Maintaining a clean environment 2) Maintaining clean hands 3) Following Centers for Disease Control (CDC) guidelines |
Medical asepsis
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Below are examples of which type of asepsis?
1) Creation of a sterile environment 2) Use of sterile equipment/supplies 3) Sterilization of reusable supplies 4) Surgical hand scrub 5) Surgical attire 6) Sterile gloves 7) Sterile field 8) Use of sterile technique |
Surgical asepsis
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Describe practices for promoting good medical asepsis
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- Clean spills and dirty surfaces promptly
- Remove pathogens through chemical means (disinfect) - Remove clutter - Consider supplies brought to the client room as contaminated - Consider items from the client’s home as contaminated - Wash hands under warm water for at least 15 seconds using friction and cleaning beneath fingernails and jewelry - Following standard precautions |
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Describe best practices for handwashing to prevent nosocomial infections in health care agencies.
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- Wash for at least 15 seconds in nonsurgical setting; 2-6 minutes in surgical setting
- Use warm water, not hot - Apply soap to wet hands - Use friction - Clean beneath fingernails and jewelry - Rinse soap - Towel or hand dry |
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Describe 3 prevalent organisms causing nosocomial infections in healthcare settings today and how to prevent their spread.
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1) MRSA - a staph infection resistant to beta-lactim antibiotics; prevalent pathogen in healthcare facilities in those with weakened immune systems
2) VRE (Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci) - Origin is intestinal; significant threat to high risk clients 3) C. Diff - causes diarrhea and other more serious intestinal conditions such as colitis; most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea WASH HANDS!!! |
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A pathogen acquired from a health-care environment is what type of infection?
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Exogenous Nosocomial Infection
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Normal flora multiplying and causing infection as a result of treatment is what type of infection?
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Endogenous Nosocomial Infection
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Name the lines of defense against infection.
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1) Primary Defense
2) Secondary Defense 3) Tertiary Defense |
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List the Primary Defenses.
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Anatomical features, limit pathogen entry:
- Intact skin - Mucous membranes (respiratory tree) - Tears (Eyes) - The mouth - Normal flora in GI tract - Normal flora in urinary tract |
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List the Secondary Defenses.
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Biochemical processes activated by chemicals released by pathogens:
- Phagocytosis - Complement cascade - Inflammation - Fever |
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List the Tertiary Defenses.
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- Humoral immunity: B-cell (Lymphocytes) production of antibodies in response to an antigen; acts directly against antigenic cells
- Cell-mediated immunity: Direct destruction of infected cells by T cells; acts to destroy body cells that have become infected, in most cases by viruses |
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The skin, respiratory tree (mucous membranes), tears (eyes), mouth, normal flora in GI and urinary tracts are examples of which line of defense?
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Primary Defense
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Phagocytosis, complement cascade, inflammation and fever are examples of which line of defense?
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Secondary Defense
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Humoral Immunity (B-cell production of antibodies in response to an antigens) and Cell-Mediated Immunity (T-cells destroying infected body cells) are examples of which line of defense?
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Tertiary Defense
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Name and describe the transmission-based precautions.
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1) Contact precaution - Pathogen is spread by direct contact
2) Droplet precaution - Pathogen is spread via moist droplets 3) Airborne precaution - Pathogen is spread via air currents |
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Identify the transmission-based precaution below:
Pathogen is spread by direct contact. Sources of infection are draining wounds, secretions and supplies |
Contact precaution
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Identify the transmission-based precaution below:
Pathogen is spread via moist droplets. Sources include coughing, sneezing and touching contaminated objects; Addition of mask and eye protection within 3 ft of client |
Droplet precaution
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Identify the transmission-based precaution below:
Pathogen is spread via air currents; Transmission via ventilation systems, shaking sheets, sweeping; Addition of special mask |
Airborne precaution
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List examples of contact precautions.
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- Possible private room
- Clean gown and glove use - Disposal of contaminated items in room - Double-bag linen and mark |