Fundamentals Of Nursing - Chapter 52

Front 1

Acidosis

Back 1

a condition that occurs with increases in blood carbonic acid or with decreases in blood bicarbonate; blood pH below 7.35

Front 2

Active transport

Back 2

movement of substances across cell membranes against the concentration gradient

Front 3

Alkalosis

Back 3

a condition that occurs with increases in blood bicarbonate or decreases in blood carbonic acid; blood pH above 7.45

Front 4

Arterial blood gas

Back 4

test performed to evaluate the client's acid-base balance and oxygenation

Front 5

Agglutinins

Back 5

specific antibodies formed in the blood

Front 6

Agglutinogens

Back 6

a substance that acts as an antigen and stimulates the production of agglutinins

Front 7

Anoxemia

Back 7

reduced oxygen in the blood

Front 8

Bases

Back 8

(alkalis) have low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution

Front 9

Buffers

Back 9

prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing hydrogen ions

Front 10

Colloid osmotic pressure

Back 10

a pulling force exerted by colloids that help maintain the water content of blood

Front 11

Colloids

Back 11

substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions

Front 12

Crystalloids

Back 12

salts that dissolve readily into true solutions

Front 13

Electrolytes

Back 13

chemical substances that develop an electric charge and are able to conduct an electric current when placed in water; ions

Front 14

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Back 14

fluid found outside the body cells

Front 15

Filtration

Back 15

passage through a material that restricts or prevents passage of certain molecules

Front 16

Filtration pressure

Back 16

the pressure in the compartment that results in the movement of fluid and substances dissolved in fluid out of the compartment

Front 17

Fluid volume deficit (FVD)

Back 17

hypovolemia) loss of both water and electrolytes in similar proportions from the ECF

Front 18

Fluid volume excess (FVE) proportions to normal ECF

Back 18

(hypervolemia) retention of both water and sodium in similar

Front 19

Hydrostatic pressure

Back 19

the pressure a liquid exerts on the sides of the container that holds it; also called filtration force

Front 20

Hypernatremia

Back 20

an excess of sodium in the blood plasma

Front 21

Hypertonic

Back 21

solutions that have a higher osmolality than body fluids

Front 22

Hypervolemia

Back 22

increased blood volume

Front 23

Hyperkalemia

Back 23

an excess of potassium in the blood plasma

Front 24

Hypokalemia

Back 24

deficiency of potassium in the blood plasma

Front 25

Hyponatremia

Back 25

deficiency of sodium in the blood plasma

Front 26

Hypotonic

Back 26

solutions that have a lower osmolality than body fluids

Front 27

Hypovolemia

Back 27

an abnormal reduction in blood volume

Front 28

Insensible fluid loss

Back 28

fluid loss that is not perceptible to the individual

Front 29

Interstitial fluid

Back 29

fluid that surrounds the cells, includes lymph

Front 30

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 30

fluid found within the body cells, also called cellular fluid

Front 31

Intravascular fluid

Back 31

plasma

Front 32

Ions

Back 32

atoms or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge; electrolytes

Front 33

Intravascular fluid

Back 33

plasma

Front 34

Isotonic

Back 34

solutions that have the same osmolality as body fluids

Front 35

Metabolic acidosis a condition characterized by

Back 35

a deficiency of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body, in which the pH falls to less than 7.35

Front 36

Ions

Back 36

atoms or group of atoms that carry a positive or negative electric charge; electrolytes

Front 37

Metabolic alkalosis a condition characterized by

Back 37

an excess of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH rises to greater than 7.45

Front 38

Isotonic

Back 38

solutions that have the same osmolality as body fluids

Front 39

Obligatory losses

Back 39

essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning

Front 40

Metabolic acidosis a condition characterized by

Back 40

a deficiency of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body, in which the pH falls to less than 7.35

Front 41

Oncotic pressure

Back 41

colloid pressure

Front 42

Metabolic alkalosis a condition characterized by

Back 42

an excess of bicarbonate ions in the body in relation to the amount of carbonic acid in the body; the pH rises to greater than 7.45

Front 43

Osmolality

Back 43

the concentration of solutes in body fluids

Front 44

Obligatory losses

Back 44

essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning

Front 45

Osmosis

Back 45

passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration

Front 46

Oncotic pressure

Back 46

colloid pressure

Front 47

Osmotic pressure

Back 47

pressure exerted by the number of nondiffusable particles in a solution; the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a membrane

Front 48

Osmolality

Back 48

the concentration of solutes in body fluids

Front 49

Osmosis

Back 49

passage of a solvent through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration

Front 50

Osmotic pressure

Back 50

pressure exerted by the number of nondiffusable particles in a solution; the amount of pressure needed to stop the flow of water across a membrane

Front 51

Overhydration occurs when

Back 51

water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in low serum osmolality and low serum sodium levels, also known as hypo-osmolar imbalance or water intoxication

Front 52

Pitting edema

Back 52

edema in which firm finger pressure on the skin produces an indentation (pit) that remains for several seconds

Front 53

Plasma

Back 53

the fluid portion of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended

Front 54

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Back 54

system initiated by specialized receptors in the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney nephrons that respond to changes in renal perfusion

Front 55

Respiratory acidosis

Back 55

a state of excess carbon dioxide in the body

Front 56

hypercapnia

Back 56

Respiratory acidosis

Front 57

Respiratory alkalosis

Back 57

a state of excessive loss of carbon dioxide from the body

Front 58

Selectively permeable

Back 58

cell membranes that allow substances move across them with varying degrees of ease

Front 59

Solutes

Back 59

substances dissolved in a liquid

Front 60

Solvent

Back 60

the liquid in which a solute is dissolved

Front 61

Third space syndrome

Back 61

fluid shifts from the vascular space into an area where it is not readily accessible as extracellular fluid

Front 62

Transcellular fluid

Back 62

compartment of extracellular fluids, which include cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids

Front 63

Volume expanders used to

Back 63

increase the blood volume following severe loss of blood (e.g., from hemorrhage) or loss of plasma (e.g., from severe burns, which draw large amounts of plasma from the bloodstream to the burn site)

Front 64

Fluid compartments?

Back 64

Intracellular inside cell
Extracellular outside cell
a. interstitial
b. intravascular- fluid of blood.
c. transcellular- in CSF; and in spaces like the peritoneal, pleural, & pericardial cavities.