Fundamentals Of Nursing Chapter 11 - Developmental Theories

Front 1

Changes in a person's physical growth and development, resulting from interactions between their genetic inheritance and external influences, such as nutrition and stress.

Back 1

Biologic processes

Front 2

Changes in intelligence, ability to understand and use language, and the development of thinking

Back 2

Cognitive processes

Front 3

Variations that occur in a person's personality, emotions, and relationships with others during their lifetime.

Back 3

Socioemotional processes

Front 4

How our physical bodies grow and change

Back 4

biophysical development

Front 5

Who created a developmental theory and behavior norms for childhood development based on observations of children's physical growth?

Back 5

Arnold Gesell (1880-1961) a psychologist

Front 6

It distinguishes between normal and abnormal infants

Back 6

Developmental Quotient (DQ)

Front 7

What are the 4 behavioral categories of Gesell's Theory of Development?

Back 7

1. Motor
2. Language
3. Adaptive
4. Personal-social

Front 8

Who was the first to provide a formal, structured theory of personality development?

Back 8

Sigmund Freud

Front 9

What are the 5 psychosexual development stages of Freud's theory?

Back 9

Stage 1: Oral (Birth - 1 yr)
Stage 2: Anal (Toddler 1-3 yrs)
Stage 3: Phallic or Odeipal (3-6 yrs)
Stage 4: Latency (6-12 yrs)
Stage 5: Gential (Puberty-Adulthood)

Front 10

Explain stage 1 of Freud's pyschological developmental theory.

Back 10

Stage 1 is called Oral and covers ages birth - 1 years old. The baby enjoys sucking and oral satisfaction, and does not like being separated from parents.

Front 11

Explain stage 2 of Freud's pyschological developmental theory.

Back 11

Stage 2 is called Anal and covers ages 1-3 years old. Child learning toliet-training and receives satisfaction from parents and society for confirming,

Front 12

Explain stage 3 of Freud's pyschological developmental theory.

Back 12

Stage 3 is called Phallic or Opedial and covers ages 3-6 years old. The child becomes interested in its gential organs. By end of the stage the child begins to identify which the same sex parent for recognition and acceptance.

Front 13

Explain stage 4 of Freud's pyschological developmental theory.

Back 13

Stage 4 is called Latency and covers ages 6-12 years old. Here sexual urges are repressed for educational and social things to learn.

Front 14

Explain stage 5 of Freud's pyschological developmental theory.

Back 14

Stage 5 is called Gential and covers ages puberty - adulthood. A time of turbulence as sexual urges reawaken and the child becomes interested in people outside of family.

Front 15

What type of development theory did Eric Erikson make?

Back 15

Eric Erickson developed a pyschoanalytic theory that emphasizes developmental change throughout the life span

Front 16

What are the 8 stages of Erikson's theory?

Back 16

1. Trust vs Mistrust (Birth - 1 yr)
2. Autonomy vs Sense of Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs)
3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-6 yrs)
4. Industry vs Inferiority 6-11 years)
5. Identity vs Role Confusion (Puberty)
6. Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adult)
7. Generativity vs Self-absorption and Stagnation (Middle Age)
8. Integrity vs Despair (Old Age)

Front 17

Explain stage 1 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 17

Stage 1: Trust vs Mistrust (Birth-1 yr)
Requires a consistent caregiver who meets the infant's needs and helps to develop the ability to trust others

Front 18

Explain stage 2 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 18

Stage 2: Autonomy vs Sense of Shame and Doubt (1-3 yrs)
Baby can do self-care activities; walking feeding, toliet-training. Self-control and independence.

Front 19

Explain stage 3 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 19

Stage 3: Initiative vs Guilt (3- yrs)
Children express high imagination and are taught impulse control and cooperative behaviors.

Front 20

Explain stage 4 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 20

Stage 4: Industry vs Inferiority (6-11 yrs)
Child engaged in academic and social learning.

Front 21

Explain stage 5 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 21

Stage 5: Identity vs Role Confusion (Puberty)
Sexual maturity and discovering one's identity

Front 22

Explain stage 6 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 22

Stage 6: Intimacy vs Isolation (Young Adult)
Young adult look for meaningful friendships and intimate relationships

Front 23

Explain stage 7 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 23

Stage 7: Generativity vs Self-Absorption and Stagnation (Middle Age)
Adult's focus on supporting future generations

Front 24

Explain stage 8 of Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory.

Back 24

Stage 8: Integriy vs Despair (Old Age)
Physical, social, status, and functional losses occur at this stage.

Front 25

What does Roger Gould's research represent?

Back 25

Gould's research supports the Stage-Crisis theory in adult development with a set of themes.

Front 26

What is Gould's first theme?

Back 26

First theme: "I have to get away from my parents". Here gradually young adults establish independence and adulthood.

Front 27

What is Gould's second theme?

Back 27

Occurs in the early 30"s, young adults experience the consequences of thier experiences and accept who they are.

Front 28

What is Gould's third theme?

Back 28

Occurs in the late 30's, the impact of a growing family and aging parents influences this stage.

Front 29

What is Gould's fourth theme?

Back 29

It identified the 40 yr olds who believe changes in career are less likely to be successful.

Front 30

What is Gould's fifth theme?

Back 30

50 yr olds have a decrease in negativism and are more concern about thier health

Front 31

The child understands that people make the rules and the rules can be changed

Back 31

Autonomous morality

Front 32

This theory stress how people learn to think and make sense of thier world

Back 32

Cognitive Developmental Theory

Front 33

A belief that rules are unchangeable and punishable when broken

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Heteronomous morality

Front 34

The person reflects on moral reasoning based on personal gain

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Preconventional reasoning

Front 35

The person sees moral reasoning based on his or her own internalization of societal and others expectations

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Conventional reasoning

Front 36

The person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations

Back 36

Postconventional reasoning

Front 37

Individuals observe the behaviors of others and then make a deliberatechoice whether or not to copy the behavior

Back 37

Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory (Modeling)

Front 38

Human development from the perspectives of personality, thinking, and behavior

Back 38

psychoanalytic/psychosocial development

Front 39

Changes in a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that influence beliefs about what is right or wrong

Back 39

Moral development

Front 40

Theory that describes the development of identity of the self and the ego through successive stages that unfold throughout the life span.

Back 40

Erikson's eight stages of development

Front 41

Five stages associated with a sequencing of sensual pleasurable zones.

Back 41

Freud's psychoanalytic model of personality development

Front 42

Set of stages in adulthood that dismantle the protective thinking of childhood.

Back 42

Gould's development themes

Front 43

The stage of moral development when children follow the rules set up by those in authority, such as their parents, teachers, clergy, or police.

Back 43

heteronomous (conventional) stage

Front 44

Theory that suggests a link between moral development and Piaget's cognitive development.

Back 44

Kohlberg's moral development theory

Front 45

Child's characteristic style of approaching and reacting to people and situations.

Back 45

temperament

Front 46

Differentiated between male and female moral development

Back 46

Gilligan

Front 47

Identified six stages of moral development and a link to cognitive development; studied primarily male of Western traditions

Back 47

Kohlberg

Front 48

Studied intellectual organization - how children think, reason and perceive the world and moral values

Back 48

Piaget

Front 49

Defined the concept of temperament; a behavior style that affects the child's interaction with others

Back 49

Chess and Thomas

Front 50

Focused on stages of adult behavior, including the separation from parents

Back 50

Gould

Front 51

Stated that essential tasks arise from predictable internal and external pressures, including culture, society, and personal goals

Back 51

Havighurst

Front 52

Postulated eight stages of life, including trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs initiative, and others

Back 52

Erikson

Front 53

Proposed five psychosexual development stages, in cluding oral, anal, phallic, latency, and gential

Back 53

Freud

Front 54

Development of the ability of an individual to distinguish right from wrong and to develop ethical values on which to base his or her actions is termed:
A) Moral development
B) Cognitive development
C) Psychosocial development
D) Psychoanalytic development

Back 54

A) Moral development

Front 55

Which of the developmental stages defined by Freud is a time of turbulence during which earlier sexual urges reawaken and are directed to an individual outside the family circle?
A) Anal
B) Genital
C) Latency
D) Phallic or oedipal

Back 55

B) Genital

Front 56

What are the 4 periods of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Back 56

Period I: Sensorimotor (Birth - 2 yrs)
Period II: Preoperational (2-7 yrs)
Period III: Concrete Operations (7-11 yrs)
Period IV: Formal Operations (7-Adulthood)

Front 57

What developmental skills occur in Piaget's Period I; Sensorimotor?

Back 57

The child interacts with its environment, by sucking his blanket, fingers, etc.

Front 58

What developmental skills occur in Piaget's Period II: Preoperational?

Back 58

Children learn to think using symbols and mental images through play.

Front 59

What developmental skills occur in Piaget's Period III: Concrete Operations?

Back 59

Children are now able to describe a processwithout actually performing it.

Front 60

What developmental skills occur in Piaget's Period IV: Formal Operations?

Back 60

Adolescent and young adults begin thinking about such subjects as achieving world peace, finding justice, and seeking meaningful life.

Front 61

Who is more widely known for thier theories of moral development?

Back 61

Piaget and Kohlberg

Front 62

What is Piaget's Theory of Moral Deveopment?

Back 62

It is primarily through peer interactions that children learn moral reasoning, in 2 stages btween ages 4-10. Stage 1 - heteronomous morality and Stage 2 - autonomous morality.

Front 63

What is Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Deveopment?

Back 63

Kohlberg's moral thepry expanded upon Piaget's cognitive theory. He identified 6 stages of moral development which he grouped into 3 levels.

Front 64

What is the first level of Kohlberg's Moral Development theory and its components?

Back 64

Level I: Preconventional Reasoning (based on personal gain)
Stage 1: Punishment and Obedience Orientation - I must follow the rules or be punished.
Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation - Moral decisions are based on one's own needs.

Front 65

What is the second level of Kohlberg's Moral Development theory and its components?

Back 65

Level II: Conventional Reasoning (What's in it for me?
Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation - One earns approval by being "nice".
Stage 4: Society-Maintaing Orientation - Moral decisions take into account society's perspectives.

Front 66

What is the third level of Kohlberg's Moral Development theory and its components?

Back 66

Level III: Post Conventional Reasoning (An ideal society)
Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation - Emphasizes the basic rights and the democratic process
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation - Defines the prinicples by which agreements are most just.