Fundamentals Of Nursing

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1. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

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refers to any group of symptoms attributed to obstruction of the coronary arteries.

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2. Afterload

Back 2

Resistance to left ventricular ejection; the work the heart must overcome to fully eject blood from the left ventricle.

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3. Angina pectoris

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commonly known as angina – is chest pain due to ischemia of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries.

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4. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

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refers to any group of symptoms attributed to obstruction of the coronary arteries.

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5. Apnea

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Absent of respiration for a period of time.

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6. Atelectasis

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Collapse of alveoli, preventing the normal respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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7. Bi-level positive airway pressure (BiPAP)

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Ventilatory support used to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea, patients with congestive heart failure, and preterm infants with underdeveloped lungs.

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8. Bronchoscopy

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is a technique of visualizing the inside of the airways for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. An instrument (bronchoscope) is inserted into the airways, usually through the nose or mouth, or occasionally through a tracheostomy.

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9. Cardiac Output

Back 9

Volume of blood expelled by the ventricles of the heart, equal to the amount of blood ejected at each beat multiplied by the number of beats in the period of time used for computation (usually 1 minute).

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10. Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation

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Actively assisting the patient with achieving and maintaining an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutrition counseling, and relaxation and stress management techniques, prescribed medications and oxygen, and compliance.

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11. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

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Basic emergency procedures for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage.

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12. Chest Physiotherapy (CPT)

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Group of therapies used to mobilize pulmonary secretions for expectoration.

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13. Chest Tube

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Catheter inserted through the thorax into the chest cavity for removing air or fluid; used after chest or heart surgery or pneumothorax.

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14. Chyene-Stokes respiration

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Occurs when there is decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem.

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15. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

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Ventilatory support used to treat patients with obstructive sleep apnea, patients with congestive heart failure, and preterm infants with under developed lungs.

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16. Diaphragmatic Breathing

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Respiration in which the abdomen moves out while the diaphragm descends on inspiration.

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17. Dyspnea

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Sensation of shortness of breath.

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18. Dysrhythmias

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Deviation from the normal pattern of the heartbeat.

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19. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

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Graphic record of the electrical activity of the myocardium.

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20. Endotracheal tube

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a catheter that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to maintain an open air passage or to deliver oxygen or to permit the suctioning of mucus or to prevent aspiration of the stomach contents.

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21. Expiration

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The act or process of releasing air from the lungs through the nose or mouth.

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22. Hematemesis

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Collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the skin or an organ.

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23. Hemoptysis

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Coughing up blood from the respiratory tract.

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24. Hemothorax

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Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity between the parietal and visceral pleurae.

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25. Humidification

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Process of adding water to gas

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26. Hyperventilation

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Respiratory rate in excess of that required to maintain normal carbon dioxide levels in the body tissues.

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27. Hypoventilation

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Respiratory rate insufficient to prevent carbon dioxide retention.

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28. Hypovolemia

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Abnormally low circulating blood volume.

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29. Hypoxia

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Inadequate cellular oxygenation that may result from a deficiency in the delivery or use of oxygen at the cellular level.

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30. Incentive Spirometry

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Method of encouraging voluntary deep breathing by providing visual feedback to patients of the inspiratory volume they have achieved.

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31. Inspiration

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the act of drawing in; specifically : the drawing of air into the lungs.

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32. Kussmaul respiration

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Increase in both rate and depth of respirations.

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33. Myocardial Infarction (MI)

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Necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by obstruction in a coronary artery.

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34. Myocardial Ischemia

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Condition that result when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet the oxygen demands of the organ.

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35. nasal cannula (NC)

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A device used to deliver supplemental oxygen or airflow to a patient or person in need of respiratory help.

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36. Nebulization

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Process of adding moisture to inspired air by the adding water droplets.

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37. Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NPPV)

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Used to prevent using invasive artificial airways (endotracheal [ET] tube or tracheostomy) in patients with acute respiratory failure, cardiogenic pulmonary edema, or exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has also been used following extubation of an ET tube.

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38. Normal Sinus Rhythm (NSR)

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The wave pattern on an electrocardiogram that indicates normal conduction of an electrical impulse through the myocardium.

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39. Orthopnea

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Abnormal condition in which a person must sit or stand to breathe comfortably.

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40. Perfusion

Back 40

(1) Passage of a fluid through a specific organ or an area of the body. (2) Therapeutic measure whereby a drug intended for an isolated part of the body is introduced via the bloodstream. (3) Relates to the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

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41. Pneumothorax

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Collection of air or gas in the pleural space.

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42. Postural Drainage

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Use of positioning along with percussion and vibration to drain secretions from specific segments of the lungs and bronchi into the trachea.

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43. Preload

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Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, immediately before ventricular contraction.

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44. Pursed-lip breathing

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Deep inspiration followed by prolonged expiration through pursed lips.

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45. Stroke Volume (SV)

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Amount of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction. It can be affected by the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole (preload), the resistance to left ventricular ejection (afterload), and myocardial contractility.

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46. Surfactant

Back 46

Chemical produced in the lungs to maintain the surface tension of the alveoli and keep them from collapsing.

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47. Tracheostomy

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Procedure whereby a surgical incision is made into the trachea and a short artificial airway (a tracheostomy tube) is inserted.

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48. Ventilation

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Respiratory process by which gases are moved into and out of the lungs.

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49. Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib or VF)

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Is a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the heart, making them quiver rather than contract properly.

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50. Wheezing

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Adventitious lung sounds caused by a severely narrowed bronchus.