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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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disease producing m/o
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pathogen
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disease state that results from the presence of pathogens (sepsis)
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infection
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m/o present but does not cause infection
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colonization
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can be transmitted to client
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communicable or contagious disease
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the absense of pathogens
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Asepsis
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Infection cycle has six steps, what are they
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INFECTIOUS AGENT
RESERVOIR PORTAL OF EXIT MEANS OF TRANSMISSION PORTAL OF ENTRY SUCEPTIBLE HOST |
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A pathogen is considered an
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infectious agent
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route of escape is a
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portal of exit
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place where the organism can grow and multiply , natural habitat
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reservoir
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point where organism enters host
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protal of entry
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person that is susceptible to pathogen
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susceptible host
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bacteria shapes are
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cocci
bacilli spirochette |
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anaerobic or aerobic depends on the need for _____
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o2
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the smallest m/o that are viruses are called
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parasites
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the most common infection in a hospital is from
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bacteria
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the ability for an organism to cause disease and how fast organism can grow and multiply is called
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virulence
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virulence depends on the -
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numberof organisms
length and intimacy of contact compentance of hosts immune system |
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what is the most common reservoir (home for m/o)
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the human body
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common reservoirs are also
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animals
insects fomites (inanimate obj - soil) POOLED WATER |
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skin and mucous membrane for drainage, respiratory tract, UTI, GI tract and blood and tissue are all considered to be portals of ________
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exit
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most common route of means of transmission is throufgh
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contact
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what spreads infection due to indirect contact
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vehicles
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non human carriers of infection, ex) bug is called
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vectors
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airbone small microgranism stays suspended in air for 24-48 hours, this is due to
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droplet nuclei
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portals of entry are the same as the
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portals of exit
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a person whose body system cannot sustain infection of pathogen is called a
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susceptible host
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the degree of resistance to infection is called
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susceptibility
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a person at increased risk of infection is called
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compromised
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stage where the interval between the entrance of the pathogen into the body and the appearace of the first symptoms
cannot spread infection in this stage although m/o are growing + multiplying |
incubation period
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the most contagious stage is during the clinical stage known as the _________
in this stage interval from onset of nonsepcfici until specific symptoms appear |
prodromal stage
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the prescense of specific disease symptoms is during the
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full stage of illness
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period where acute symptons disappear
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convalescence period
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name some examples of nonspecific body system defenses ( NORMAL FLORA)
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oral cavity, ears, stomach, intestines, vagina, UT,skin, resp tract
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during nonspecific defenses to infection body protects against all BAD
T/F |
TRUE
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During an accidental needle stick - you .....
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wash area with warm water and antimicrobial
report incident, follow guidelines |
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Antibiotic Resistant Organisms
MRSA |
Methicillin resistant staph aureus
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Antibiotic Resistant Organisms
VRE |
Vancomycin resistant enterococcus
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When dealing with A.R.O., you must
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measure control exit of m/o and enterance.
intact skin and mucosa hand hygiene gloves,masks disposal of needles |
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how can you protect the susceptible host from infection
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bathing, lubricating skin
maintaining fluid intake well balanced diet respiratory function immunizations adequate sleep stress reduction techniques |
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GOWNS ARE WORN IF SOILING OF CLOTHING IS LIKELY FROM BLOOD OR BODY FLUID. WASH HANDS AFTER REMOVING GOWN.
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CLIENT CARE EQUIPTMENT IS PROPERLY CLEANED AND REPROCESSED AND SINGLE USE ITEMS DISCARDED
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CONTAMINATED LINENS PLACED IN LEAK PROOF BAG AND HANDLED TO PREVENT SKIN AND MUCOUS NMEMBRANE EXPOSURE.
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ALL SHARP INSTRUMENTS AND NEEDLES DISCARDED INA PUNCTURE RESISTANT CONTAINER.
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NEEDLES SHOULD BE DISPOSED OF UNCAPPED UNLESS A MECHANICAL DEVICE IS USED FOR RECAPPING
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A PRIVATE ROOM IS UNCESSARY UNLESS A CLIENTS HYGIENE IS UNACCAEPTABLE.
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Transmission based categories - If infection is present - TIER 2...
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AIRBORNE: private room with negative airflow mask or respiratory protection device
CONTACT:private room gloves gowns DROPLET: private room and mask |
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Universal Precautions
CDC Guidelines 1987 |
consider all infected
all blood and body fluid must be aseptcially washed . does not apply to feces, sweat, urine ,vomit unless blood. |
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CDC GUIDELINES 2005 CURRENT
All CLients TIER 1 *************************************** |
Applies to blood, body fluids, secreteions, excretions (except sweat) nonintact skin and mucous membranes.
hands must be washed between client contacts, after contact with blood, body fluids, secretions, excretions, after contact with equiptment or articles contaminated by them, when gloves are removed. |
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Clean nonsterile gloves are worm when touching blood body fluids secretions excretions nonintact skin mucous membrane or contaminated items.
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masks eye protection or face shields are worn if client care activties may generate splashes or sprays of blood or body fluid.
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control of portals of exit
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Resp tract = masks, avoid talking to clients face.
gloves, eyewear, gowns |
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control of transmission
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role of infection control nurse
category specific =disease requiring similar isolation precautions are grouped together. disease specific isolation = precautions according to route of transmission of specific disease. |
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Universal precautions for all patients, all most body substances potentially contain pathogens.
includes feces, urine oral secretions. disposal gloves and needle disposal in all rooms. hand hygience before and during care. precautions when handling trash and dirty linens. |
body substance isolation BSI 1985
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when pouring sterile liquids you must ....
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label and date when opened.
sterile for 24 hours after opening. palm label. if previously used - "lip" it first. |
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hospital acquired infections are called
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Nosocomial infections
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85 percent of nosocomial infections such as a UTI come from
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Catheters
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what kind of infections are most traced to an invasive device or the hands of a healthcare worker
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Nosocomial infections
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causes of nosocomial infections are
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Exogenous = other peoples.
Endogenous = clients own m/o Iatrogenic = results of a treatment or diagnostic procedure |
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Control of the Reservoir =
OSHA (1970) for healthcare safety |
hand hygience, bathing, dressing changes if wet or soiled, clean tables, capped bottled solutions, pt drainage tubes, disposal of contaminated articles.
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activities that keep objects and areas free of m/o (sterilization) is called
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surgical asepsis
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methods of surgical asepsis or sterilization/disinfection are
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steam and Ethyl oxide
(physical) (chemical) |
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When do you use surgical asepsis ?
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broken skin due to procedures, trauma, surigcal incisions or burns and procedures that involve catheters
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PRINCIPLES OF SURGICAL ASEPSIS
If in doubt , its contaminated! |
Only a sterile object can touch another sterile object.
if out of range of vision below waist, it is contimated. anything wet is contaminated do not cough sneeze orreach over prolonged exposure to air outer 1 inch of a sterile field is contaminated. |
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activites that reduce the number and transfer of pathogens (clean technique)
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Medical Asepsis
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the removal of visible foreign material from objects with soap and h20 is called
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cleansing
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destroying pathogens with an alcohol based subsantce is called
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disinfecting
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Hand Hygience - wash your hands.
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Transient = picked up, dangerous
Resident = noraml flora in skin |
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Increased Temperature
Fatigue, Malaise, Chills Enlarged Lymph Nodes Anorexia, nausea vomiting these are examples of a ... |
SYSTEMIC RESPONSE
PT AT RISK |
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Heat
Affected part of loss of function Redness Pain or tenderness Swelling |
LOCALIZED RESPONSE
HARPS |
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What do RNs look at in the lab
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WBCells
% of each type of wbc cultures for prescence ofpathogens ESR |
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The rate of RBCs settle to the bottom of a tuble of blood, increases with inflammation is called
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ESR Erthhrocyte Sedimentation Rate
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large protein of molecules that destroy antigens by forming antigen-antibody complexes
have memory for specific antigens = active immunity. |
Immunoglobulins Ig
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the body actively produces its OWN immunoglobulin or antibodies in response to invading antigen, lasts a long time. this is called
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ACTIVE OR AQUIRED IMMUNITY
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the body is given immunoglobulin through maternal fetal transfer or external administration (injection) lasts a short time. this is called
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PASSIVE IMMUNITY
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what factors increase the risk of infection?
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age
heredity nurtional status stress rest excercise pre existing disease, immunizations medical therapy (iatrogenic inf) inadequate defense mechanisms personal habits, environmental cond. |
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what is it called when the body recognizes something bad and responds by dilating blood vessels which increase blood to the area allowing more WBC to fight infection causing tissue death =
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INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
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increased WBCs in tissues and bloodstream is called __________
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LEUKOCYTOSIS
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the second stage of Inflammatory response is called
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exudate formation (Drainage)
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the third stage of Inflammatory response deals with
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Regeneration
Granalation Fibrous |
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Tissue that forms if chronic inflammation and exudate offcurs
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granulation
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scar tissue that forms when regeneration is not possible
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fibrous
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occurs when damanged cells are replaced by new healthy cells
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regeneration
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a substance that prompts the generation of antibodies and can cause an immune response.
inducing formation of antibodies is known as an ________ and it recognized as a threat and comes to defense |
antigen
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_______ ARE gamma globulin proteins that are found in blood or other bodily fluids of vertebrates, and are used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects, such as bacteria and viruses.
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antibodies
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a disease state that results from the prescence of pathogens
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infection
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an infection occurs as a result of a cyclic process of 6 components, name them
IRPMPS |
INFECTIOUS AGENT
RESERVOIR PORTAL OF EXIT MEANS OF TRANSMISSION PORTAL OF ENTRY SUSCEPTIBLE HOST |
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smallest of all m/o visible only with an electron microscope
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virus
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bacteria NEEDED oxygen to live and grow are called
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AEROBIC
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bacteria that do not need oxygen to life are
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ANAEROBIC
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Foreign material is called an _______
body responds to antigen by producing a __________ |
Antigen
Antibody |
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precautions used in the care of all hospitalized individuals regardless of diagnosis is called
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standard precations
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when the causative organism is aquired from OTHER people it is called
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exogeneous
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when the causative organism comes from the microbial life harbored in the person
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endogeneous
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an infection resulting from a treatment or diag procedure is called
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iatrogenic
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