Fundamentals

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definition of visual methods

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a diverse set of methods that use visual materials to generate evidence for answering qualitative social science questions

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qualitative research definition

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primary interest in how people create meaning and how these meanings influence practices

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4 advantages of visual methods

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1) non-textual, non-verbal mediums through which the researcher and researched can communicate

2) can overcome power differentials between interviewer and participants

3) visual methods invoke sensory, emotive responses

4) VM are good for highlighting take-for-granted narratives meanings

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explain 'forms of analysis'

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various lines of questioning that depend upon the research question, chosen methods and the source

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define methodology

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refers to the rationale and personal assumptions that underlie a particular study

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4 different sites of analysis

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the site of production, the site of the image itself, the site of the audience, multiple sites (with different levels of meaning)

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describe the site of production (sites of analysis)

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process of taking a photo, deciding on what to photograph or viewing the world through the technology of the camera how might different techno influence how the image can be interpreted.

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describe 'the site of the image itself'

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what the photo depicts, why this is important to the participant, sentiments it evokes, how does the participants past shape their understanding

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describe 'the site of the audience'

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the researcher may ask the participant how he/she thinks others will view the picture, or even share the picture with others, does the picture reflect current nor, or does the photo respect any current dominant representations

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different layers of meaning: multiple sites, what does this mean?

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how does one site effect anther? how does the site of production influence the site of the audience?

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the process of undertaking inductive research

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gather data - looking for patterns - develop theory

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the process of undertaking deductive research

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theorise - analyse data - hypothesis supported or not

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what does it mean for a photo to reflect dominant representations?

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are these photos an accurate representation of society and its diversity

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define reflexivity

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where a persons ideas tend to be inherently bias, the ideas and thoughts of people can be constantly represented within their work.

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what 4 aspect of a researchers work is effected by reflexivity?

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the research question, the place of research, the methods used and the conclusions

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why do people critique reflexivity

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critique the ways that knowledge is produced

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explain how reflexivity broadens the field of study.

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not 'us' vs 'them' but broadens a comparative understanding of how we are in relation to them

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define ethnomethodology

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is the study of methods people use for understanding and producing the social order in which they live, e.g. how people natural unnatural spaces

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define participatory research

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see different perspective of what people value

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why is participatory research favourable?

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it brings out diversity as our own interpretation go the findings are questionable.

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what caution needs to be taken onboard when presenting an image

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the diversity of interpretations that can be taken from an image.

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what factor shapes peoples interpretations?

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how the viewers own and understand experiences

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what does ' the performativity of the image' mean?

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the image is not a neutral image, it becomes a representation, when it reproduces social norms of a certain group of people.

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what do images do when they leave out certain bits of information?

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the images perform a dominant meaning (performativity)

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images relay a two way relationship between...

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how things are represented and what practices come about based on social norms.

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what is important to ask about a picture

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what has been left out

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as researchers, what should you be wary about?

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our own representations as researchers create their own interpretations, always wary about how these images will be interpreted.

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what are researchers responsible for?

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creating knowledge in a responsible way, need to represent perspectives of the participants if the research.

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two method to use as research to ensure people can represent themselves

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documentary film making, participatory visual methods.

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how could a participatory research not be as representative as it seems?

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some people may not have time to participate, issues with power relations, some people have bigger voices than others.

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what ethical considerations need to be understood?

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that an image may be more accessible to some more than others

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what does 'the commodification of an image' mean?

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how an image can be used as a market strategy to market their product using this information.

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explain the counter culture.

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using visual imagery to represent post capitalism, using it to contradict social norms. (grass root imagery)

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awareness of responsibility

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put images out there that really represent the perspectives of the participants of the research as much as possible

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explain the concept of a snap shot image

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an image that is opposite to a more complete picture, can't represent the whole of people lives.

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4 ethical considerations

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images making itself accessible to some more than others, educational and cultural differences, how people engage with image making, generational differences.

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sharing images may put people at risk, what types of consideration is this?

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ethnical consideration

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there is always interplay within cultures between using an image to..

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producing social norms and using an image to contradict social norms.

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inductive research

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moves from specific observations to general theories: observation- pattern- hypothesis - theory

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deductive research

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works from the general to specific. theory - hypothesis-observaton to conformation.