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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____ joint where spheroidal surface of one bone moves withing a socket of another and articulating surfaces much longer in one direction than in right angle surface. Give example
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condylar- metacarpophalngeal (knuckle)
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IN ___ muscles fibers are parallel to long axis of muscle
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strap
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___ muscles produce greater foce
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pennate
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___ muscle fibers are oblique to long axis of muscle
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pennate
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___ (+ sensory fibers)are concerned with feflexes that help maintain the necessary degree of contraction within a muscle
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propioceptors
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____ is more fibrous that sutures (ex interosseous membrane between ulna/ radius)
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syndesmoses
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___ is a joint between a tooth and its socket
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gomphoses
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Name three types of fibrous joints>
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sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
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____ are united by hyaline cartilage and are mainly temporary
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synchondroses
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A ___ cartilaginous joint is united by fibrocartilage
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symphyses
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In the PNS ___ cells frovide myelin sheaths for axon
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Schwann cells
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___ are vessels that supply blood to nerves
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Vasa nervorus
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The PNS consists of ___ pairs of cranial nerves and __ pairs of spinal nerves
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12 pair- cranial
31 pair- spinal |
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The ___ nervous system provides innervation to all parts of the body except the viscera (internal organs)
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somatic
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From ___ down nerves emerge inferior to their respective vertberae
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T1
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____ is the term to describe the spinal cord after LV1/LV2 when it becomes flatter
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cauda equina
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___ is the tapered terminal part of the spinal cord
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conus medullaris
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___ is the nonnvervous strand of tissue distal to the conus medullaris
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internal filum terminale
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The __ horns of the spinal cord contain sensory neurons which receive info from spinal nerves
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dorsal
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From ___ - L2 there is a lateral horn that contains ANS motor neurons
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T1
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list the CT sheath covering a nerve fiber, bundle of fibers, and entire nerve
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nerve fiber- endoneurium
bundle fibers- perineurium entire nerve- epineurium |
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what are the two enlargements on the spinal cord
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cervical and lumbrosacral
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Where does the dural sac surronding the spinal cord end
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SV 2
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In the ___ nervous system it takes two motor neurons to convey impulse from CNS to organ
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autonomic
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The ___ rami supplies innervation to deep muscles of skin of back
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dorsal
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___ is the a phenomenon where PT reports pain from a certain area when in fact pain is being produced in another area but enters through a partical dermatome entry point
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referred pain
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The pia and arachnoid are connected by the ____
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arachnoid trabeculae
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What is the leptomeninges
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name for the pia and arachnoid mater
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The ___ ligament seperates the dorsal and ventral nerve roots
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denticulate
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Where is the CSF found
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subarachnoid space
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the ___ space is a potential space, nothing should be in it, that lies betwen dura and arachnoid
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subdural
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The epidural space contains what 2 things
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fat and int. vertebral venous plexus
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Where is the site of lumbar puncture
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between spines L3/L4
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The ____ lies between L2 and S2 vertebrae
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lumbar cistern
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How many pulmonary veins are there
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4
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What are the three coats of arteries/ veins
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tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
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The smooth muscle of blood vessel is located in the ____
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tunica media
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The ____ is the structure that differes between artery and vein
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tunica media
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___ are the most important in regulating peripheral blood flow
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arterioles
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A ___ is a vessel that bypasses a capillary bed
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arteriovenous anastomes
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_____ is a system where contraction of buscles causes blood in veins to travel back to heart
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musculovenous pump
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____ describes where arterial blood can still reach a target area by bypassing a blockage
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collateral circulation
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What are the two exceptional blood vessels that have parasympathetic innervation
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coronary aa, arteries supplying erectile tissue of external genitalia
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Where are 2 common location to find sory nerve endings that are sensitive to changes in BP
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Large vessels near heart and beginning of ICA
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___ is a mineral that deposits on cholesterol to form a plaque
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Ca
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___ is the name for a clot that results from atherosclerosis
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thrombus
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What are the 2 layers of lipid membrane
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phospholipids, glycolipids
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name some functions of integral membrane proteins
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pumps, channels , receptors, acin linkers, enzymes, structural proteins
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what dephosphorylates protein
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phosphatases
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what is kept in high concentration in the ER
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Ca
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where are proteins terminally glycosylated
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Golgi
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what is the protein modification that means take me to the lysosome
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mannose 6-phosphate
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what organelle is involved in oxidation and mental retardation
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peroxisome
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___ is the name for programed cell death
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apoptosis
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If a protein is tagged with ubiquitin where is it going
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proteosome
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what are the two major functions of microtubules
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mechanical reinforcing for cell and tracks for cellular movement
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The microtubules are made out of what dimeric molecule
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tubulin
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____ are short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to one another
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centrioles
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What are functions of actin (microfilaments)
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provide cell membrane support,
support finger like projections in cell, are track for ATP motor proteins |
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all intermediate filaments are related to the ___ molecule
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keratin
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Constitutive heterochromatin remains transcriptionally _____
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inactive
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___ is the functional unit of the euchromatin
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nucleosome
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what are the 4 stages of cell cycle
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Interfase: G1,S (DNA replication),G2,
M(mitosis), |
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In apoptosis a series of enzymes known as ___ are activated
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caspases
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How many families of enzymes control apoptosis
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3
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what are the 4 major tissue types of histology
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epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
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in a H&E the _____ material is going to be purple and ____ material is going to be pink red.
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acidic- purple
basic pink/ red |
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The PAS stain is good for staining ______ and what is color
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sugars/ glycoproteins- pink
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describe immunochemistry
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use of flourescent antibody to mark antigen
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___ is a type of microscopy that uses lasers and mirrors to achieve a 3-D view of tissue
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confocal
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T or F you can use flourescence can be used to locate Ca
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True
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____ is a technique where you inject radioactive molecules into tissue and then see how it is taken up
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autoradiography
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__ is a technique if you know a protein's gene sequence you can create radioisotope probe to the mRNA
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In-situ hybridization
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____ is a technique where a laser is used to trace outline of molecule
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Atomic force microscopy
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what germ layer is the ectoderm derived from
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all three
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____ is the transformation of one type of epithelium into another
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metaplasia
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what are the two domains of a polarized cell
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apical domain, and basolateral domain
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what two things create the basement membrane
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The epithelia and supporting tissue
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___ is an intracellular region where actin filaments attach network to wall
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zonula adherens
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___ are regions where the cell is "nailed" together with intermediate filaments
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desmosomes,
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___ is the control of secretion of exocrine gland
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myoepithelial
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____ is a type of secretion where cell disintegrates and is secreted with its contens
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holocrine
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The cilia is made from ___
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microtubles
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___ are long microvilli
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sterocilia
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The micro villi are composed of ____
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microtubles (actin)
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T or F connective tissue has no blood vessels in it
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false
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What type of connective tissue would cantain a stroma that is highly cellular
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reticular connective tissue (lymph node)
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what makes up connective tissue
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cells + extracellular matrix
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out of connective tissue what is one of the only cells that are transient
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white blood cells
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what is the significance of ghrelin and peptide YY
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They are hormones that are involved in short-term weight control
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What is the significance of leptin
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Hormone thought to have long term weight control by reducing apetite
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how are lipids stored in adipose tissue
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lipids just float around in cytosol
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Where do mast cells differentiatie and develop
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differentiat- bone marrow
develop- connective tissue |
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What type of cell secretes heparin, histamine, ECF, interleukins, growth factor
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mast cells
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T or F the secretion of molecules from mast cell is constitutive?
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False- controlled
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proteins are least soulable at which point
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isoelectric
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enzymes cleave on the C or N side of an aa
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C side
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what does trypsin cleave after
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Arg, Lys
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___ discovered insulin had a definitive primary structure
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sanger
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what does cyanobromine cleave after
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methionine
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Name a protein seperation technique that can only be used to purify one protein (example glucose binding protein)
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Affinity chromatography
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For electrophores proteins are made ____ by adding SDS page and travel to __ pole
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proteins negative and travel to the + pole
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____ is the name of the process where you can determine the exact sequence of aa
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Edman degredation
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Fmoc and DCCD are used in ____
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solid phase synthesis of peptide
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the ___ bond angle in aa tells teh position of the two nitrogen atoms relative to each other
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Psi
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describe a 3.6 subscript 13 helix
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3.6 aa's per turn and 13 atoms
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which R side chains are usu found at the N and c termini of aa chain
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N end- Asn (asparagine)
C end- His |
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what type of Beta sheets from on outside of globular protein
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antiparallel
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Describe the types of repeats present in alpha coiled coil and beta sheets
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alpha coiled coil- Leu every 7th aa.
Beta- Gly and Ala every third Gly- Ala- ser- Gly- Ala-Ser |
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what two molecules of chymotrpsin are involved in prot/ depot His
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Ser and Sp
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the collapsed barrel domain that is made of B-barrel structures is also know as the ___
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immunoglobulin fold
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what type of repeat is collagen characterised by
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Gly 3 repeat
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What two fibrous proteins are characterized by heptat repeat
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keratin and myosin
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are coiled coils left or right handed
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Left
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describe structure of collagen
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3 helix:
three left handed alpha chains coiled in a right-handed major helix |
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what aa absorb UV light and give their exact nm they absorb
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Trp- 280
Tyr- lettle less 280 Phe-250 |
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are the psi and phi angles of beta sheets smaller in parallel or antiparallel sheets
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parallel
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Do parallel or antiparallel beta sheets have hydrophobic on one side and hydrophilic on another
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antiparallel
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For dimers like prealbumin and alcohol dehyrodrogenase what is used to link dimers
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Beta pleated sheets
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what subunit comprises a microtubule quartenary structure
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Tubulin dimers-
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what type of Fe is present in functioning Hb
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ferrous
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What aa in the Hb heme pocket prevents CO and O2 from bidning tightly in a straight conformation
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His
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To what aa is the heme group covalently liked
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the imidazole of His
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What helicies in Hb are very important in the hydrophonic pocket
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E and F
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T or F when one Heme group is bound to O2 it makes it easier for the other Heme groups to bind O2
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True
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what does the Bohr effect describe
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The competative binding of H+ and O2 for Heme group
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___ is the molecule that binds to cavity of Hb and promotes the deoxy state
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2,3 BPG (bisphosphoglycerate)
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what is the composition of fetal Hb
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2alpha 2 gamma
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What mutation causes sickle cell
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Val substitution
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describe where [Na] high and [K] high
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[Na] high extracellular
[Ka] intracellular |
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what necessary 2 structures are bound to myosin head
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2 light chains
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what part of sarcomere decreases during contraction
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H zone
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when does myosin take its power stroke
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when it is dephosphorylated
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what does angiotensis do
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contract blood vessels and raise BP
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folding for fibrous proteins is usually driven by enthalpy or entropy
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enthalpy deltaH
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____ catalyzes teh cis-trans isomerization of X-P bonds
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PPI
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what type of Beta sheet structure parallel or antiparallel do non-fiber forming collagens assume
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antiparallel
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what type of collagen comprises the basement membrane
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type 4
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which collagen type takes two genes to produce
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Type I It has two alpha1's and one alpha 2
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___ is needed to add OH group to Proline so that collagen can function properly
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vitamin C
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what part of collagen keeps alpha 1 and alpha2 in correct ratios
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the carboxy domain
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what is responsible for the cross linking in collagen
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telopeptidases
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how big is gap region
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.6D
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Does the type 1 or 5 fiber keep heterotypic fibers thin
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the type 5
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what type of collagen molecules are used as filters
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the alternate aggregates
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A ____ is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
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sugar
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