Fund. Of Nursing (Potter-Perry) Ch 14

Front 1

What is ageism?

Back 1

Discrimination against people because of increasing age.

Front 2

What is Alzheimer's disease?

Back 2

According to Bolla and Fille, AD is one of four major types of dementia (50%).

Front 3

What are results of unopposed ageism?

Back 3

Unopposed ageism can undermine the self-confidence of older adults, limit their access to care, and distort caregivers' understanding of individual uniqueness.

Front 4

What is delirium?

Back 4

An acute confusional state that is a potentially reversible cognitive impairment often due to a physiological cause.

Front 5

What are physiological causes of delirium?

Back 5

Causes may include electrolyte imbalances, cerebral anoxia, hypoglycemia, medications, drug effects, tumors, subdural hematomas, and cerebrovascular infection, infarction, or hemorrhage.

Front 6

Delirium in older adults may accompany what? Delirium is often the presenting symptom for what diseases or infections?

Back 6

Delirium often accompanies systemic infections and is often the presenting symptom for pneumonia and UTIs.

Front 7

What are environmental factors that may cause delirium?

Back 7

Sensory deprivation, unfamiliar surroundings, psychosocial factors such as emotional distress or pain.

Front 8

Who is especially at risk for delirium?

Back 8

Older adults in the acute care settings due to predisposing factors (physiological, psychosocial, and environmental) in addition to underlying medical conditions.

Front 9

What is an additional risk factor that greatly increases the risk for delirium?

Back 9

Dementia

Front 10

Cognitive impairment does not usually reverse following treatment: True or false.

Back 10

FALSE! The cognitive impairment secondary to delirium usually reverses once providers identify the cause of delirium and begin treatment, unless there has been permanent brain damage.

Front 11

What is dementia?

Back 11

A generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning.

Front 12

True or false: Unlike delirium, a gradual, progressive, irreversible cerebral dysfunction characterizes dementia.

Back 12

TRUE

Front 13

True or false: It is important to rule out the presence of delirium when dementia is suspected.

Back 13

TRUE

Front 14

What are the four major types of dementia, described by Bolla and Fille?

Back 14

Alzheimer's Disease (50%), diffuse Lewy body disease (15%), frontal-temporal dementia (15%), and vascular dementia (10%). Other causes of dementia, such as infection or trauma, account for another 10% of cases.

Front 15

True or false: the cognitive effects of dementia may be reversed?

Back 15

FALSE: The progressive nature of dementia leads to increased cognitive deterioration.

Front 16

True or false: Depression is a normal part of aging.

Back 16

FALSE: Older adults sometimes experience late-life depression, but it is NOT a normal part of aging.

Front 17

What are prevalence estimates for depression?

Back 17

10-15% in community-dwelling older adults; 11-45% among those requiring inpatient medical care; and up to 50% of nursing home residents.

Front 18

What is geriatrics?

Back 18

Branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and problems affecting older adults.

Front 19

What is gerontic nursing?

Back 19

Nursing that considers the nursing care of older adults to be the art and practice of nurturing, caring, and comforting, rather than merely the treatment of disease.

Front 20

What is gerontological nursing?

Back 20

Nursing that is concerned with assessment of health and functional status of older adults; diagnosis, planning, and implementing health care and services to meet the identified needs, and evaluating the effectiveness of such care.

Front 21

What is gerontology?

Back 21

The study of all aspects of the aging process and its consequences.

Front 22

What are nonstochastic theories?

Back 22

Theories that genetically programmed physiological mechanisms within the body control the process of aging.

Front 23

What are stochastic theories?

Back 23

Theories that view aging as the result of random cellular damage that occurs over time. Accumulated damage leads to physical changes we perceive as aging.

Front 24

What is reality orientation?

Back 24

A communication technique that makes an older adult more aware of time, place, and person.

Front 25

What are the purposes of reality orientation?

Back 25

Restoring a sense of reality, improving the level of awareness, promoting socialization, elevating independent functioning, and minimizing confusion, disorientation, and physical regression.

Front 26

What are key elements of reality orientation?

Back 26

Frequent reminders of person, time, and place; use of environmental aids such as clocks, calendars, and personal belongings; and stability of environment, routine, and staff.

Front 27

One should not continue to reorient older adults with chronic cognitive impairment: True or false?

Back 27

TRUE

Front 28

What is reminiscence?

Back 28

Recalling the past. As a therapy, reminiscence uses the recollection of the past to bring meaning and understanding to the present and to resolve current conflicts.

Front 29

What does reminiscence assess during the assessment process?

Back 29

Self-esteem, cognitive function, emotional stability, unresolved conflicts, coping ability, and expectations for the future.

Front 30

What is validation therapy?

Back 30

An alternative approach to communication with a confused older adult. Validation therapy accepts the description of time and place as stated by the confused older adult.

Front 31

What are developmental tasks of the older adult?

Back 31

1. Adjusting to decreasing health and physical strength. 2. Adjusting to retirement and reduced or fixed income. 3. Adjusting to death of spouse. 4. Accepting self as aging person. 5. Maintaining satisfactory living arrangements. 6. Redefining relations with adult children. 7. Finding ways to maintain quality of life.

Front 32

True or False: Cancer is the leading cause of death in older adults.

Back 32

FALSE: heart disease is the leading cause of death in older adults. Common cardiovascular disorders are hypertension and coronary artery disease.

Front 33

T or F: Malignant neoplasms are the second most common cause of death among older adults.

Back 33

TRUE

Front 34

T or F: Stroke (CVA) is the fifth leading cause of death in the US.

Back 34

FALSE: CVA is the third leading cause of death, and occurs as brain ischemia or brain hemorrhage.

Front 35

What are risk factors for CVA?

Back 35

Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, history of transient ischemic attacks, and family history of cardiovascular disease.

Front 36

T or F: Smoking is a risk factor in the four most common causes of death.

Back 36

TRUE: Smoking is a risk factor in heart disease, cancer, stroke, and lung disease.