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175 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Body Temperature
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the balance between the heat produced by the body and the heat lost from the body.
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Surface Temperature
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the temperature of tissue, such as subcutaneous tissue and fat.
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Radiation
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the transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact between the two objects.
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Conduction
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the transfer of heat from one molecule to another in direct contact
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Convection
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the dispersion of heat through air currents
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Vaporization
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continuous evaporation of moisture from the respiratory tract, oral mucosa and skin.
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Insensible Water Loss
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continuous and unnoticed water loss.
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Insensible Heat Loss
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heat loss that occurs from evaportation of moisture from the respiratory tract, mucosa of the mouth and the skin
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Pyrexia
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a body temperature above the normal range; fever
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Hypothermia
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core body temperature below the lower limit of normal
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Blood Pressure
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the force exerted on arterial walls by blood flowing within the vessels
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Apical Pulse
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a central pulse located at the apex of the heart
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Adventitious Breath Sounds
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abnormal or acquired breath sounds
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Auscultation
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the process of listening to the sounds produced within the body
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Coping
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dealing with change
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Afebrile
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absence of a fever
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Apical-Radial Pulse
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measurement of the apical beat and the radial pulse at the same time
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Apnea
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a complete absence of respirations
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Arrhythmia
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a pulse with an abnormal rhythm
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Arterial Blood Pressure
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the measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it pulsates through the arteries
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Ateriosclerosis
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a condition in which the elastic and muscular tissues of the arteries are replaced with fibrous tissue
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Auscultatory Gap
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the temporary dissappearance of sounds normally heard over the brachial atery when the sphygmomanometer cuff pressure is high and the sounds reappear at a lower level
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Basal Metabolic Rate
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(BMR) the rate of energy utilization in the body required to maintain essential activities such as breathing.
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Bradycardia
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abnormally slow pulse rate, less than 60 beats per minute.
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Bradypnea
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abnormally slow respriatory rate, unusally less than 10 respirations per minute
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Chemical Thermogenesis
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the stimulation of heat production in the body through increased cellular metabolism caused by increases in thyroxine output
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Constant Fever
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a state in which the body temperature fluctuates minimally but always remains above normal
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Core Temperature
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the temperature of the deep tissues of the body; relatively constant at 37 degrees C, :: 98.6 degrees F
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Costal (thoracic) Breathing
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use of the external intercostal muscles and other accessory muscles, such as the sternocleidomastoid muscles.
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Diaphragmatic (abdominal) Breathing
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contraction and relaxation of hte diaphragm, observed by the movement of the abdomen, which occurs as a result of the diaphragm's contraction and downward movement.
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Diastolic Pressure
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the pressure of the blood against the arterial walls when the ventricles of the heart are at rest
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Dysrhythmia
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a pulse with an irregular rhythm
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Eupnea
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normal, quiet breathing
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Exhalation
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(expiration) the movement of gases from the lungs to the atmosphere
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External Respiration
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the interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli of the lungs and the pulmonary blood
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Fever Spike
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a temperature that rises to fever level rapidly following a normal temperature and then returns to normal within a few hours
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Hematocrit
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the proportion of red blood cells (erythrocytes) to the total blood volume
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Hypertension
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an abnormally high blood pressure; over 140 mm Hg systolic and/or 90 mm Hg diastolic
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Hyperthermia
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(Hyperpyrexia) an extremely high body temperature ( >41 degrees C :: 105.8 degrees F
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Hyperventilation
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very deep, rapid respirations
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Hypotension
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an abnormally low blood pressure; less than 100 mm Hg systolic in an adult
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Hypothalamic Integrator
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the center in the brain that controls the core temperature; located in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus
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Hypoventilation
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very shallow respirations
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Inhalation
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(Inspiration) the act of breathing in; the intake of air or other substances into the lungs
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Intermittent Fever
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a body temperature that alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and periods of normal or subnormal temperatures
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Korotkoff's Sounds
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a series of five sounds produced by blood within the artery with each ventricular contraction
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Meniscus
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the crescent-shaped upper surface of a column of fluid
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Orthostatic Hypotension
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decrease in blood pressure related to positional or postural changes from lying to sitting or standing positions
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Peripheral Pulse
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a pulse located in the periphery of the body (foot, wrist)
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Point of Maximal Impulse
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(PMI) the point where the apex of the heart touches the anterior chest wall
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Polypnea
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abnormally fast respirations
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Pulse
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the wave of blood within an artery that is created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart
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Pulse Deficit
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the difference between the apical pulse and the radial pulse
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Pulse Oximeter
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a noninvasive device that measures the arterial blood oxygen saturation by means of a sensor attached to the finger
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Pulse Pressure
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the difference between the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure
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Pulse Rhythm
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the pattern of the beats and intervals between the beats
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Pulse Volume
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the strength or amplitude of the pulse, the force of the blood exerted with each heart beat.
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Relapsing Fever
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the occurrence of short febrile periods of a few days interspersed with periods of 1 or 2 days of normal temperature
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Remittent fever
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the occurrence of a wide range of temperature fluctuations (more than 2 degrees C / 3.6 degrees F) over the 24-hour period, all of which are above normal
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Respiratory Quality
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(character) refers to those aspects of breathing that are different from normal, effortless breathing, includes the amount of effort exerted to breathe and the sounds produced by breathing
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Respiration
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the act of breathing; transport of oxygen from the atmosphere to the body cells and transport of carbon dioxide from the cells to the atmosphere
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Respiratory Rhythm
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refers to the regularity of the expiration and the inspirations
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Systolic Pressure
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the pressure of the blood against the arterial walls when the ventricles of the heart contract
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Tachycardia
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an abnormally rapid pulse rate, greater than 100 beats per minute
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Tachypnea
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abnormally rapid respirations, usually greater than 24 respirations per minute
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Tidal Volume
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the volume of air that is normally inhaled and exhaled
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Ventilation
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the movement of air in and out of the lungs; the process of inhalation and exhalation
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Vital Signs
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(Cardinal Signs) measurements of physiological functioning, specifically body temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure; may include pain measurement and pulse oximetry
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Alopecia
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the loss of scalp hair (baldness) or body hair
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Angle of Louis
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the junction between the body of the sternum and the manubrium; the starting point for locating the ribs anteriorly
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Antihelix
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the anterior curve of the auricle's upper aspect (ear)
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Aphasia
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any defects in or loss of the power to express oneself by speech, writing, or signs, or to comprehend spoken or written language due to disease or injury of the cerebral cortex
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Astigmatism
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an uneven curvature of the cornea that prevents horizontal and vertical light waves (rays) from focusing on the retina (eye)
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Auricle
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flap of the ear-- Pinna
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Blanch Test
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a test during which the client's fingernail is temporarily pinched to assess capillary refill and peripheral circulation
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Bruit
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a blowing or swishing sound created by turbulence of blood flow
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Caries
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tooth cavities
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Cerumen
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the wax-like substance secreted by glands in the external ear canal
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Clubbing
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elevation of the proximal aspect of the nail and softening of the nail bed
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Cochlea
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a seashell-shaped structure found in the inner ear; essential for sound transmission and hearing
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Conduction Hearing Loss
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the result of interrupted transmission of sound waves through the outer and middle ear structures.
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Conjunctivitis
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inflammation of the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva (eye)
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Cyanosis
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bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by reduced oxygen in the blood
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Dacryocystitis
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inflammation of the lacrimal sac (tear duct)
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Diastole
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the period during which the ventricles relax
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Dullness
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a thud-like sound produced during percussion by dense tissue of body organs such as the liver, spleen, or heart
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Duration
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the length of time a sound is heard
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Edema
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the presence of excess interstitial fluid in the body
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Eustachian Tube
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the part of the middle ear that connects the middle tear to the nasopharynx; stabilizes air pressure between the external atmosphere and the middle ear.
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Exophthalmus
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a protrusion of the eyeballs with elevation of the upper eyelids, resulting in a startled or staring expression
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External Auditory Meatus
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the entrance to the ear canal
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Extinction
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the failure to perceive touch on one side of the body when two symmetric areas of the body are touched simultaneously
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Fasciculation
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the abnormal contraction or shortening of a bundle of muscle fibers
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Flatness
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an extremely dull sound produced, during percussion, by very dense tissue such as muscle or bone
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Gingivitis
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red, swollen gingia (gums)
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Glaucoma
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a disturbance in the circulation of aqueous fluid; causes an increase in intraocular pressure
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Glossitis
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inflammation of the tongue
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Goniometer
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a device used to measure the angle of a joint in degrees
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Helix
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the posterior curve of the auricle's upper aspect (ear)
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Hernia
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a protrusion (such as of the intestine through the inguinal wall or canal)
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Hordeolum
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(sty) a redness, swelling, and tenderness of the hair follicle and glands that empty at the edge of the eyelid
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Hyperopia
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abnormal refraction in which light rays focus behind the retina, farsightedness
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Hyperresonance
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an abnormal booming sound produced during percussion of the lungs
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Incus
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the anvil bone of the middle ear
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Inspection
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the visual examination; assessing by using the sense of sight
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Intensity
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the loudness or softness of a sound, amplitude
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Intention Tremor
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involuntary trembling when and individual attempts a voluntary movement
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Juandice
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a yellowish cast or color of the sclara, mucous membranes, and/or skin
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Lift
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an abnormal anterior movement of the chest related to enlargement of the right ventricle
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Lobule
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earlobe
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Malleus
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the hammer bone of the middle ear
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Manubrium
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the handlelike superior part of the sternum that joins the clavicles
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Mastoid
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a bony prominence behind the ear
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Miosis
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constricted pupils
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Mixed Hearing Loss
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a combination of conduction and sensorineural hearing loss
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Mydraisis
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enlarged pupils
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Myopia
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abnormal refraction in which light rays focus before/in front of the retina (nearsightedness)
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Normocephalic
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normal head size
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One-Point discrimination
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the ability to sense sense whether one or two areas of the skin are being stimulated by pressure
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Ossicles
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the three middle ear bones of sound transmission: incus, malleus, stapes
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Otoscope
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an instrument used to examine the ears, for visual inspection
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Pallor
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the absence of underlying red tones in the skin and may be most readily seen in the buccal mucosa
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Palpation
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the examination of the body using touch
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Parotitis
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inflammation of the parotid salivary gland
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Percussion
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the forceful striking of the chest with cupped hands to loosen secretion in the lungs; a method in which the body surface is struck to elicit sounds that can be heard or vibrations that can be felt
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Perfusion
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the passage of blood constituents through the vessels of the circulatory system
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Periodontal Disease
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disorder of the supporting structures of the teeth
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Pitch
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the frequency of number of the vibration heard during auscultation
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Plaque
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the invisible soft film consisting of bacteria, molecules of saliva, and remnants of epithelial cells and leukocytes that adheres to the enamel surface of teeth-biofilm
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Pleximeter
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in percussion, the middle finger of the dominant hand placed firmly on the client's skin
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Plexor
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in Percussion, the middle finger of the non-dominant hand or a percussion hammer is used to strike the pleximeter
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Precorduim
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an area of the chest overlying the heart
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Presbyopia
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loss of elasticity of the lens and thus loss of ability to see close objects as a result o the aging process
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Pyorrhea
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purulent periodontal disease
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Quality
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a subjective description of sound (whistling, gugrling)
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Reflex
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an automatic response of the body to a stimulus
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Resonance
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a low-pitched, hollow sound produced over normal lung tissue when the chest is percussed
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Resting tremor
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a tremor that is apparent when the client is at rest and diminished with activity
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S1
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the first heart sound which occurs when the atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) close
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S2
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the second sound which occurs when the semilunar valves (arotic and pulmonic) close
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Semicircular Canals
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in the inner ear; contain the organs of equilibrium
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Sensorineural Hearing Loss
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the result of damage to the inner ear, the auditory nerve, or the hearing center in the brain
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Sordes
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the accumulation of foul matter (food, microorganisms and epithelial elements) on the teeth and gums
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Stapes
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the stirrup bone of the middle ear
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Sternum
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the breastbone
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Systole
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the period during which the ventricles contract
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Tartar
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a visible, hard deposit of plaque and dead bacteria that forms at the gum lines
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Thrill
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a vibrating sensation over a blood vessel which indicates turbulent blood flow
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Targus
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the cartilaginous protrusion at the entrance to the ear canal
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Tremor
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an involuntary trembling of a limb or body part
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Triangular Fossa
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a depression of the antihelix
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Tympany
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a musical or drumlike sound produced during percussion over an air filled stomach and abdomen
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Vestibule
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contains the organs of equilibrium; found in the inner ear
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Visual acuity
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the degree of detail the eye can discern in an image
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Visual field
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the area an individual can see when looking straight ahead
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Vitiligo
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patches of hypopigmented skin, caused by the destruction of the melanocytes in the area
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Alarm Reaction
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the initial reaction of the body to stress, which alerts the body's defenses
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Anger
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an emotional state consisting of a subjective feeling of animosity or strong displeasure
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Anxiety
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a state of mental uneasiness, apprehension, or dread producing an increased level of arousal caused by an impending or anticipated threat to self or significant relationships
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Burnout
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a complex syndrome of behaviors that can be linked to the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome; an overwhelming feeling that can lead to physical and emotional depletion, a negative attitude and self concept, and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness
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Caregiver Burden
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responses such as chronic fatigue, sleeping difficulties, and high blood pressure to long term stress in family members who undertake the care of a person in the home for a long period of coping
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Coping Mechanism
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(coping strategy) an innate or quired way of responding to a changing environment or specific problem or situation
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Countershock Phase
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the second part of the alarm reaction in which the changes the body experienced during the shock phase are reversed
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Crisis Counseling
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therapy focused on solving immediate problems involving individuals, groups, or families in crisis
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Crisis Intervention
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a short term helping process of assisting clients to work through a crisis to its resolution and restore their pre-crisis level of functioning
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Depression
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feelings of sadness and dejection, often accompanied by physiologic change such as decreased functional activity
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Ego Defense Mechansims
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(Freud) Mental mechanisms that develop as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and allay inner tensions
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Fear
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an emotional response to an actual, present danger
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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(Selye) a general arousal response of the body to a stressor characterized by certain physiologic events and dominated by the sympathetic nervous system
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Local Adaptation Syndrome
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the reaction of one organ or body part to stress
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Shock Phase
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the first part of the alarm reaction in which the stressor may be perceived consciously or unconsciously by the person
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State of Exhaustion
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the third stage in the GAS or LAS syndromes that occurs when the adaptation that the body made during the second stage cannot be maintained
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Stimulus Based Stress Model
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stress is defined as a stimulus, life event, or set of circumstances that arouses physiologic and/or psychologic reactions that may increase the individual's vulnerability to illness
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Stressor
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any factor that produces stress or alter the body's equilibrium
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Transactional Stress Theory
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a theory that encompasses a set of cognitive, affective, and adaptive (coping) responses that arise out of person-environment transactions; the person and the environment are inseparable and affect each other
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