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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the development of the central nervous system known as?
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Neurulation
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Along what axis do the major divisions develop?
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Rostrocaudal
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Which regions develop to give the forebrain (prosencephalon)?
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Telencephalon and diencephalon
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Which regions develop to give the midbrain?
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Mesencephalon
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Which regions develop to give the hindbrain (rhombencephalon)?
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Metencephalon and myelencephalon
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Where is CSF made?
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Choroid plexus within the ventricles
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What are the 3 layers of meninges?
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From out to in:
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater |
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Where is CSF found?
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Fills the entirety of the lumen of the CSF 'tube'
Also found between the arachnoid mater and pia mater |
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What is the purpose of the meninges?
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Cover and protect the brain and spinal cord
Protect organs from rubbing against bones of skull and spine |
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What is anencephaly?
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The head end of the neural tube fails to close
Infant is born with no head and is usually stillborn or dies within hours |
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What are the two types of spina bifida and what are they?
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Occulta- fairly common
Cystica- more severe; herniation of meninges +/- spinal cord through opening in the spinal canal |
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What are the regions of the spinal cord?
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Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
Correspond to vertebrae |
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Where is the lumbar cistern and what does is allow?
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L3/L4
L4/L5 Safe to do a CSF tap here |
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Sympathetic nervous system regions
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T1-T6: chest, neck and head
T6-T12: abdomen T12+: pelvis |
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Which regions make up the hindbrain?
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Pons, cerebellum and medulla
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What are the functions of the pons and medulla?
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Hearing and balance
Pons inputs to the cerebellum Site of nuclei which cause basic functions e.g. breathing, heart rate |
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What is the function of the cerebellum?
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Assesses body position and compares to motor command. Sees if there is an error between intention of brain and action of body.
Posture, eye movement, measuring, timing |
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What is caused by damage to the cerebellum?
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Ataxia
Clumsiness, difficultly of movement |
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What are the functions of the midbrain?
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Dorsal: colliculi- vision, hearing
Ventral: occulomotor nuclei, dopaminergic neurons |
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What disorders are associated with midbrain damage?
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Eye movement defects
Parkinson's disease |
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What is the embryological feature that becomes the forebrain?
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Embryonic dorsal diencencephalon
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Where is the thalamus and what is its function?
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Forebrain
Sensory relay to the cortex Site of consciousness Damage- coma |
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Where are the basal ganglia and what are the functions?
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Forebrain- above thalamus
Modulate critical activity Cognitive reward, learning and motivation |
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What is the cortex?
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Outermost layer of the brain
Covers cerebrum Grey matter |
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How is the cerebral cortex organised?
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6 horizontal layers
Each layer is a different distribution of cell types |
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What are cortical maps?
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Sensory and motor
Areas that have been identified as performing a specific function |
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What is a property of the maps?
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Map plasticity- maps are flexible
They can change with learning |
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What can be affected with frontal lobe damage?
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Association cortex
Character and personality Gaze control Learned tasks |
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What is Broca's aphasia and it's symptoms?
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Speech disorder associated with left side cortex damage
Telegraphic speech, meaning spared Comprehension normal Can't speak, can understand |
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What is Wernicke's aphasia and it's symptoms?
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Speech disorder associated with cortex damage
Speech pattern is normal No meaning or comprehension Can speak, can't understand |
