Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Discuss the structure of the hypothalamus (5) |
1. Made up of hypothalamic nuclei 2. Broken up into the lateral, medial and periventricula (next to 3rd ventricle) regions 3. Dendritic and axonal connections to many other brain regions |
|
|
Identify some of the hypothalamic connections (5) |
1. Optic chiasm 2. Thalamus 3. Brain stem (descending) 4. Higher regions of the cerebral cortex 5. Closely connected to the pituitary gland |
|
|
What are the functions of the hypothalamus? (11) |
1. Maintaining homeostasis 2. Physical & sexual growth and sexual dimorphism 3. Stress response- releases stress hormones 4. Regulating body temperature 5. Digestion 6. Circulation 7. Circadian rhythms 8. Interaction center for several different neurotransmitters |
|
|
How is the hypothalamus most likely damaged and why? (2) |
Through tumors, as it is such a deep structure, physical damage is unlikely |
|
|
Identify 2 ways in which the thalamus differs from the hypothalamus (2) |
Thalamus is large with well circumscribed areas. Hypothalamus is small and not a well-circumscribed area |
|
|
Discuss the structure of the thalamus (3) |
1. Large 2. Two identical nuclei 3. Cortical and thalamic nuclei - with similar functions |
|
|
True/ False: [6]
a) Information from the left thalamic nuclei project to the left cortical hemisphere and the same with the right
b) The thalamic nuclei only receive ascending input
c) The thalamus sits on top of the 3rd ventricle
d) Both hypothalamus and thalamus work together in the limbic system
e) All information is first sent to the thalamus.
f) Verbal info goes to the left thalamus and non-verbal goes to the right thalamus |
a) True b) False. Thalamic nuclei receive both ascending and descending input c) True d)True e) False. Olifactory info goes straight there, so does amygdala info (rapid info related to survival) f) True
|
|
|
What are the functions of the thalamus? (5) |
*Relay station for info, with minor processing 1. Major pathway for primary sensory info to cerebral hemispheres 2. Major pathway for primary motor info from cerebral hemispheres 3. Classifies, integrates, sorts and sends info 4. Minor processing |
|
|
Differentiate between non-specific and specific thalamic nuclei (6) |
Non-specific: 1. Inner medial part of thalamus 2. Project to the: - thalamus itself - frontal cortex
Specific: 1. Involved in sensory processing 2. Lateral portions of the thalamus 3. Project to a specific area of the cortex depending on the function it is involved in |
|
|
Discuss the consequences of lesions to the thalamus and include the possibility of recovery (8) |
- Lesions result in gross motor/sensory deficits, depending on the part of the thalamus damaged - Left thalamic lesions: poor scores on verbal tasks and expressive language - Right thalamic lesions: poor spatial and face recognition -Effects can be short lived in some cases, as recovery is based on other nuclei taking over the function of damages nuclei - Usually non-specific nuclei involved in redundancy as they communicate with other nuclei and other structures |
|
|
Describe the structure of the cerebellum (4) |
1. Connected to the pons via cerebellar peduncles 2. Symmetrical - 2 hemispheres connected by the vermis 3. Clearly defined morphology |
|
|
What are the functions of the cerebellum? (5) |
1. Ipsilateral control of coordinated motor behaviour 2. Role in cognition: - stored memories for simple learned motor responses - attention shifting - rhythm and timing |
|
|
What are the manifestations of cerebellar lesions? (4) |
1. Deterioration in coordinated movement 2. Impaired balance - medial lesion 3. Gait disturbance - intention tremor 4. Nostagmus |
|
|
What does the hand-to-nose test assess? (1) |
Intention tremor which is indicative of cerebellar lesion |
|
|
How would a cerebellar hemangioblastoma present clinically? (5) |
1. Headache 2. Ataxia 3. Nausea 4. Vomiting 5. Vertigo
|
