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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the 4 major types of neuroglia.
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1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendroglia 3. ependymal cells 4. microglia |
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What is the function of astrocytes?
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It provides the framework for neuronal migration in brain development
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What is the largest type of microglia?
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astrocyte
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What is the function of oligodendroglia?
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They are involved in mylenation of axons in the CNS
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What is the primary difference between oligodendroglia and shwaan cells?
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Oligodentroglia= CNS mylenation
shwaan= PNS mylenation |
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Where in the brain are oligodendroglia found?
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grey and white matter
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What is the function of ependymal cells?
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They are involved in forming CSF
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Where are ependymal cells typically found?
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lining the central spinal cord and brain ventricles
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What is the function of microglia?
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they are "scavenger" cells. They eat up trash
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What are the 3 basic types of neurons?
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1. unipolar
2. multipolar 3. bipolar |
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List the 4 major types of neuroglia.
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1. Astrocytes
2. Oligodendroglia 3. ependymal cells 4. microglia |
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What is the function of astrocytes?
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It provides the framework for neuronal migration in brain development
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What is the largest type of microglia?
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astrocyte
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What is the function of oligodendroglia?
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They are involved in mylenation of axons in the CNS
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What is the primary difference between oligodendroglia and shwaan cells?
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Oligodentroglia= CNS mylenation
shwaan= PNS mylenation |
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Where in the brain are oligodendroglia found?
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grey and white matter
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What is the function of ependymal cells?
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They are involved in forming CSF
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Where are ependymal cells typically found?
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lining the central spinal cord and brain ventricles
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What is the function of microglia?
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they are "scavenger" cells. They eat up trash
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What are the 3 basic types of neurons?
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1. unipolar
2. multipolar 3. bipolar |
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What type of neuron typically functions as a sensory processor?
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unipolar
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Axons in the PNS system are typically thicker or thinner?
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thicker
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Which kind of cell makes more contacts; a spinal motor cell or a purkinje cell?
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motor = 10,000 contacts
perkinje = 150,000 (all in the cerebellum) |
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What is another name for nissl bodies?
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chromofil substance
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What is the primary function of nissl bodies?
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they are involved in synthesis of protiens
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What is one easy way to distinguish between axons and dendrites? What do you look for?
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The presence of nissl bodies indicates that what you're looking at is a dendrite (nissl bodies aren't found in axons)
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What is the primary function of the golgi apparatus?
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It is the region of the cell that receives synthetic products of the nissl bodies to allow additional synthetic activity
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What is thought to be the source of synaptic vesicles and their contents found in the axon terminal?
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golgi apparatus
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What is the organelle thought to link carbs to proteins in the synthesis of glycoprotiens?
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golgi apparatus
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What are neurofibrils composed of (what is the name of their subunits)?
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neurofilaments
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How are neurofibrils involved in alzheimer's?
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aggregates of abnormal neurofibrils (neurofibrillary tangles) accumulate in neurons of people with alzheimers
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What is the function of neurotubules?
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rapid transport of protein molecules that are synthesized in the cell body
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What will happen to a neuron if the perikaryone is separated from the axon or dendrites?
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it will die
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What is the point of departure of the axon called?
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axon hillock
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What is the "initial segment"
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the area between the cell body and the axon
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What part of the neuron is where the initiation of nerve impulse (action potential) occurs?
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the axon hillock
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Where on the axon is the site of voltage-gated sodium channels and other ionic displacements that are involved in impulse conduction?
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the nodes on ranvier
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What does SEB stand for?
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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What organelle is scattered throughout the axoplasm, is made of proteins, and disappears when the axon is damaged?
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neurofiliments
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Dendrites contain all of the organelles found in the neuroplasm of the perikaryon except what?
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the golgi apparatus
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How is the size of the nerve fiber related to the rate of impulse conduction?
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Large fibers conduct impulses more rapidly
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What does more dendrites mean for information processing?
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more dendrites = more information
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What is one way to judge the functional importance of a cell?
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the extend of branching of it's dendrites
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What does loosing a large dendretic tree mean?
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possibly loosing lots of information processing because it has more info origins
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What are ganglia?
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collections of nerve cell bodies located outside the CNS
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What are the 2 types of ganglia?
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1. craniospinal
2. autonomic |
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Where are the craniospinal ganglia located?
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in the DORSAL of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and in the sensory roots of cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, X
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Which ganglia is concerned with sensory reception and distribution?
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craniospinal
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Generally speaking, what does the craniospinal (dorsal root and cranial nerve ganglia) do?
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It receives stimulation from external and internal environment and transmits nerve impulses to the CNS
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Where is the autonomic ganglia typically found?
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from the base of the skull to the belvis
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What type of cells are found in the autonomic ganglia?
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multipolar cells
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Where does the autonomic ganglia receive its information from?
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various parts of the nervous system (as opposed to the environment)
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A change in membrane permeability allows an influx of ___ ions and an efflux of ___ ions, resulting in a charge reversal.
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INFLUX of NA (+)
EFFLUX of K |
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What are the 2 directions in which axonal transport flows?
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1. retrograde - from the axon terminal to the cell body
2. anterograde - from the cell body to the axon terminal |
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Is MS more common in men or women?
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women
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When does MS typically occur/onset?
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20-40 years
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What is one feature of the symptoms of MS that makes it hard to diagnose?
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Symptoms can typically be sparratic (they can come and go)
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What are the speeds at which retrograde and anterograde transport work?
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anterograde = fast and slow
retrograde = fast |
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What is retrograde transport typically involved in?
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recycling of intraaxonal proteins and neurotransmitters.
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The entrance of what ion allows the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane?
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CA2
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What is the most common disease of the neuromuscular junction?
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myesthenia gravis
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What are some of the symptoms that characterize myasthenia gravis?
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muscle weakness AFTER USE and improvement with rest
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Synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory, and transmission is unidirectional and not obligatory...except in the?
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neuromuscular junction
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What is the neuromuscular junction also called?
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myoneural junction or motor end plate
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Where is the neuromuscular junction?
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The synapse between the motor nerve terminal and the subjacent part of the muscle fiber
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What is going on at a cellular level in myasthenia gravis?
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antibodies bind to acetylcholine receptors and render them less accessible to release acetylcholinen
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Are most subdural hematomas in shaken baby syndrome bilateral or unilateral?
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bilateral (in 78% of cases)
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What is a subdural hematoma?
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it's a clot. bleeding occurs in the subdural space
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What are the 3 major parts of the nervous system?
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1. CNS
2. PNS 3. Autonomic nervous system |
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What are the 3 structures that the brain is divided into?
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1. 2 cerebral hemispheres
2. the brain stem 3. the cerebellum |
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What are the 3 lairs of the meninges? (in order of their proximity to the skull)
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1. dura matter
2. arachnoid mater 3. pia mater |
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What is the falx cerebri
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a strong septum dividing the brain into 2 hemispheres
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What is a midline shift?
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a shifted midline into predominantly one of the hemispheres
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Where is the epidural space located?
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between the dura matter and the bony skull
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Where does the subdural space lie?
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between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
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What is contained in the subarachnoid space?
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CSF and cerebral blood vessels
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What are the 2 principle landmarks that divide the cerebral hemisphere into lobes (looking from a lateral view)
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1. the lateral fissure
2. the central sulcus |
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What is another name for the lateral fissure?
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sylvian fissure
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what is another name for the central sulcus?
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rolandic sulcus
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Describe the position of the frontal lobe relative to the central sulcus and lateral fissure.
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The frontal lobe is dorsal (above or toward the back) to the lateral fissure and rostral (in front of, towards the nose) to the central sulcus
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Describe the position of the temporal lobe relative to the central sulcus and lateral fissure.
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The temporal lobe is ventral (below or toward the belly/front) to the lateral fissure
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Describe the position of the parietal lobe relative to the central sulcus and lateral fissure
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the parietal lobe is dorsal (above) to the lateral fissure and caudal (towards the tail/behind) the central sulcus
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What is another name for the primary motor area?
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precentral gyrus
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Where is the pre central gyrus (primary motor area) located?
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Rostral (towards the nose) to the central sulcus, between it and the pre central sulcus
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Which area plays a major role in initiating new programs for movement?
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the premotor area
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What are the 2 sulci that divide the frontal lobe?
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superior and inferior frontal solci
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Which area of the brain is important for conjugate eye movements?
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brodmann's area
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Where is brodmann's area located?
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the middle frontal gyrus
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what is another name for the central sulcus?
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rolandic sulcus
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Describe the position of the frontal lobe relative to the central sulcus and lateral fissure.
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The frontal lobe is dorsal (above or toward the back) to the lateral fissure and rostral (in front of, towards the nose) to the central sulcus
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Describe the position of the temporal lobe relative to the central sulcus and lateral fissure.
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The temporal lobe is ventral (below or toward the belly/front) to the lateral fissure
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Describe the position of the parietal lobe relative to the central sulcus and lateral fissure
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the parietal lobe is dorsal (above) to the lateral fissure and caudal (towards the tail/behind) the central sulcus
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What is another name for the primary motor area?
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precentral gyrus
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Where is the pre central gyrus (primary motor area) located?
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Rostral (towards the nose) to the central sulcus, between it and the pre central sulcus
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Which area plays a major role in initiating new programs for movement?
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the premotor area
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What are the 2 sulci that divide the frontal lobe?
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superior and inferior frontal solci
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Which area of the brain is important for conjugate eye movements?
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brodmann's area
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Where is brodmann's area located?
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the middle frontal gyrus
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Where is the primary sensory area located?
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Caudal(behind) to the central solcus, between it and the post central solcus
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What is the primary sensory area also known as?
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the post central gyrus
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postcentral gyrus = ?
precentral gyrus = ? |
postcentral is sesnory
precentral is motor |
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What is the superior parietal lobe mostly involved in?
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behavioral interactions of a person in space
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What would injury to the parietal lobe cause?
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CONTRALATERAL side neglect
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What are the 2 important gyri of the inferior parietal lobe?
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1. supramarginal and angular gyri
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What are the supramarginal and angular gyri of the inferior parietal lobe involved in?
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integration of diverse sensory information for speech and perception
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Where is wernicke's area located?
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temporal lobe. caudal to the transverse gyri of Heschl
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what is the transverse temporal gyri also called?
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gyri of heschi
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on what gyrus is the primary auditory area located?
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gyri of heschl
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What are 3 gyri of the frontal lobe?
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1. superior
2. middle 3. inferior frontal gyri |
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What does wernicke's area do?
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involved in comprehension of language
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What is the general division of parts of the corpus collosum?
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1. head (or rostrum)
2. large body 3. genu (connects rostrum and body) |
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What is another name for the ondontiod process?
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the dens
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What does the ondontoid process do?
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It's the mechanism that turns the head from side to side
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What constitutes a dermatome?
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the area of skin supplied by a single dorsal nerve root
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The spinal cord comprises 31 segments that are defined by 31 pairs of dorsal and ventral roots, except for c1 which only has a ___ root
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ventral root
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What lies at the base of L5?
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sacrum
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What lies at the bottom (end) of the spinal column?
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coccyx
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What is a myotome?
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groups of muscles innervated from a single spinal cord segment. the muscles and the nerve constitute it
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What constitute the 31 spinal cord segments?
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8 cervical
12 thoracic (or dorsal) 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal |
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What happens in a subdural hematoma?
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there are bridging veins that cross the subdural space. when these veins rupture, an accumulation of blood occurs and the space expands
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Where does the spinal cord terminate (which segments)? Where does the dura mater extend?
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L-1 and L-2 vertebre
S-1 and S-2 |
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What is the jelly like substance in the spinal disc called?
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disc nucleous
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What is the function of the disc?
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it acts as a shock absorber
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What do facet joints do?
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acts like a hinge allowing twisting and turning of the spinal column
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Where is the spinal cord located? (what is the name of the hole that it runs down)
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vertebral forman
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Injuries below which segment are not considered spinal cord injuries?
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L1
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Is the length of the spinal cord shorter or longer than the spinal column?
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shorter
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What is the region of the brain that contours the corpus collosum?
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cingulate gyrus
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What is the septum pellucidum and where is it located relative to the corpus collosum?
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It is ventral to the CC and it's a thin partition that separates the 2 lateral ventricles
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What separates the 2 lateral ventricles?
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the septum pellucidum
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What connects the temporal lobe and the diencephalon (a C-shaped fiber bundle)?
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the fornix
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What is the anterior commissure involved in?
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interhemisphereic transfer of visual info
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What connects the 2 temporal lobe and olfactory structures in the 2 hemispheres?
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the anterior commissure
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Which sulcus divides the diencephalon into the dorsal thalamus and the ventral hypothalamus/
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the hypothalamic sulcus
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