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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which condyle of the femur is larger, medial or lateral? |
Medial, even though lateral looks larger. |
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Which plateau of the femur is larger, medial or lateral? |
Medial is 50% larger |
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Is the knee congruent or incongruent? |
Incongruent |
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Difference between tensile load and compressive load? |
Tensile load is stretched force, compressive load is compression force |
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Name the motions which can occur at the tibiofemoral joint. |
- Flexion/Extension - Abduction (varus)/Adduction (valgus) - medial/lateral rotation |
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Which side of the menisci is larger? |
Lateral, even though medial appears larger |
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List the functions of the menisci. |
- Shock absorption - Weight bearing - Joint stability - Reduces friction - Proprioception |
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How is ACL most commonly injured? |
When the knee is flexed and tibia is rotated either way |
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What are the oblique popliteal, arcuate, and posterior oblique ligament responsible for? |
Preventing hyperextension of the knee |
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What is the definition of genu recurvatum? |
Excessive hyperextension |
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Knee rotation is not possible when... |
The knee is extended |
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Why can't the knee rotate during extension? |
Because the ligaments are taut, and the intercondylar tubercles are lodged in notch |
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Which way does the femur rotate & glide during Flexion and extension? |
Femur rotates and glides anteriorly |
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When does locking and unlocking of the knee occur? |
During weight bearing activities |
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What is the locking/screw home mechanism? |
It is when the femur rotates medically during the final phase of knee extension, and rotated laterally for Flexion |
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What is the function of the popliteus muscle? |
It rotates the femur laterally |
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List the knee flexor muscles |
- Semimembranosus - Semitendinosus - Biceps femoris - Gastrocnemius - Sartorius - Gracilis - pes anserinus |
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Name the knee extensor muscles |
- rectus femoris - vastus lateralis - vastus medialis - vastus intermedius - vastus medialis longus - vastus medialis obliquus |
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Which muscles assist in knee extension when the foot is in a fixed position? (E.g. Squat) |
- gluteus maximus - soleus |
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What are the main functions of the patella? |
- Acts as a spacer and lever - improves efficiency of extensor force (provided by quads) - Created a smooth sliding mechanism - Protective shield for anterior knee - increases moment arm of quadriceps |
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What is patella alta, and risks can it cause? |
It is the high positioning of the patella on the femoral sulcus, which increased risk of instability (dislocation) |
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What are the stabilisers of the patella? |
- vastus lateralis and medialis - medial and lateral parts of joint capsule - the pull of the quads and patella ligament don't coincide (align together) which is why there is a lateral force acting on patella (to shift it laterally) |
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What is a normal and abnormal quadriceps angle? |
Normal angle = 10-15 degrees Abnormal angle = >20 degrees (which causes excessive compression on lateral patella) |
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Structure of the femoral head and neck. |
Head covered by cartilage except for centre which is covered by fovea |
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What is the normal angle of inclination in the neck of the femur? |
~125 degrees |
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What is the Zona Orbicularis? |
A ligament around neck of femur |
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What are the ligaments of the hip joint? |
- illiofemoral - pubofemoral - ischiofemoral - ligamentum teres |
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Which hip joint ligaments are capsular and intracapsular? |
Ligamentum teres is intracapsular, the rest are outside the capsule |
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Besides normal functions of a ligament, what is the function of the ligamentum teres? |
It provides/conducts a pathway for secondary blood supply to head of femur |
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What is the function of Lumbar-pelvic rhythm (pelvifemoral motion)? |
It is the combined movement of lumbar spine and pelvis which helps increase ROM |
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Name the flexor muscles of the hip joint. |
- Illiopsoas - Rectus femoris - Sartorius - tensor fascia latae - adductors assist in Flexion when hip is extended |
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Which muscle is the primary flexor of the hip joint? |
Illiopsoas |
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List the adductors of the hip joint. |
- Pectineus - adductor brevis - adductor magnus - adductor longus - gracilis |
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Name the extensor muscles of the hip joint. |
- gluteus maximus - hamstrings - posterior fibre of gluteus medius - superior fibres of adductor Magnus - piriformis |
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Which muscles are the primary extenders of the hip? |
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings |
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Which adductor muscle is the strongest? |
Adductor Magnus |
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What muscles can assist hip extension when the hip is flexed? |
Adductors |
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Name muscles which are responsible for hip abduction |
- gluteus medius - gluteus minimus |
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What is anterior pelvic tilt and what produces it |
- Results in hip Flexion and lumbar extension - it is produced by hip flexors and back extensors |
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What is posterior pelvic tilt and what produces it |
- results in hip extension and lumbar Flexion - produced by hip extensors and trunk flexors |
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What is nucleus pulposus? |
It is the central part of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. A gel like mass which released and absorbed H20 |
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What is the annulus fibrosus? |
Peripheral part of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. They are dense rings of fibrocartilage which enclose the nucleus |
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Since the nucleus pulposes is avascular and anueral, how is nutrition supplied to it? |
Via diffusion from vertebral end plates |
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Name the ligaments of the vertebral column |
- anterior longitudinal - posterior longitudinal - ligamentum flavum - interspinous - intertransverse - supraspinous |
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What are the 5 functions of the vertebrae? |
- protection of spinal cord - base of support for head - attachment site for ligaments bones and muscles - mobility for trunk - linkage (connects between upper and lower limb) |
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Which part of the spinal column does lateral Flexion-extension, and rotation occur most? |
Cervical spine |
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The thoracic spine is... |
Less flexible but more stable than the cervical spine |
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The lumbar spine... |
Has limited rotation, but most Flexion occurs between L5 and S1 |
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Name the muscles of the spine |
- erector spinae (sacrospinalis) - multifidus - rotatores |
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Name the three divisions of the erector spinae |
- illiocostalis group (lateral) - spinalis group (medial) - longissimus (intermediate) |
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What is the difference between the erector spinae, and multifidus + rotatores? |
Multifidus and rotatores are deeper than erector spinae |
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Location and function of multifidus muscle |
- found in all three regions of spine, largest in lumbar region - extend and stabilises spine |
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Location and function of rotatores |
- deeper than erector spinae and multifidus - run the length of the column - small CSA & moment arm, which means weaker rotation |
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Name the functions of the foot |
Stability: - stable base of support in static posture (standing) - rigid lever for push off during gait Mobility: - absorption of rotation of proximal joints - flexibility allowing for shock absorption - permits foot to conform to terrain |
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Ligaments of ankle |
- medial collaterals (deltoid) - lateral collaterals |
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Intramalleolar distance |
There is an increase in intramalleolar distance with motion. |
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What is usually the limiting factor for ROM in ankle |
Muscle tension |
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Name the joint of the elbow complex |
Elbow joints: - humeroulnar - humeroradial Radioulnar joints: - proximal/superior & distal/inferior radioulnar joints |
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Name the characteristics of the elbow joint capsule |
Size: large Tightness: loose Strength: weak ant. & post. Fat pads: between capsule and synovial membrane |
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Name flexors of the elbow joint |
- biceps brachii - brachialis - brachioradialis |
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Name the extensors of the elbow joint |
- triceps brachii - anconeus |
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What is carry angle |
It is the angle of your forearm when your wrist is supinated and elbow is flexed. |
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During elbow Flexion.... |
- brachialis is always active during Flexion - biceps not active for unloaded flexion while pronated - brachioradialis is not active for slow unloaded Flexion |
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Strength of flexors vs extensors |
Relatively the same |
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Extrinsic wrist flexors |
Cause wrist Flexion unless counteracted by wrist extensors |
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The only muscle with origins and insertions on tendons of other muscles is: |
Lumbricals |
