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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functional Foods
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foodstuffs specifically modified to alter the structure, metabolism, ort physiological function of the body
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Nutraceuticals
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purified, concentrated, or modified components of food or natural products that alter the structure, metabolism or physiological function of the body
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Phytosterols (plant sterols)
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-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol
cholesterol absorption plasma LDL |
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Omega 3 FA's
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ALA (18:3), EPA (20:5), DHA (22:6)
TG, anti-inflammatory, brain development |
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Soy Isoflavones
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genistein, diadzein, coumestrol
Prevent heart disease, osteoporosis, cancer ? |
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Cholesterol
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Important component of cell membranes
Only animals make cholesterol Cholesterol is inefficiently absorbed by the human intestine (~50% efficiency) There is very wide person-to-person variability in absorption efficiency Dietary cholesterol can raise LDL levels, but its impact on LDL is also variable |
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Cholesterol Absorption
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Enterocyte uptake from intestine and resecretion into lymph as chyomicrons
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Phytosterols continued
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Plants make Phytosterols (plant sterols)
-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol, avenasterol, brassicasterol, and stanols Unlike cholesterol, phytosterols are poorly absorbed by the intestine (<1% efficiency) It has been known since the 1950’s that phytosterols inhibit cholesterol absorption Only recently has the full mechanism of the phytosterol effect been elucidated A single methy group separates absorbable from non absorbable phytosterols will happily join the micelles but then abcg spits them back out, not incorporated into chylos |
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Cholesterol Absorption Modulates Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism
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chylomicrons get delivered to liver then altering hepatocyte cholesterol. Diet, liver synthesis and LDLr reuptake are the 3 sources of cholesterol in the liver.
by reducing cholesterol absorption LDL levels go down as the liver up regs its LDLr uptake |
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Plant Sterol Margarines
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Each 1 tablespoon serving contains 0.85 grams of plant stanol esters
Dose: 2-3 Tablespoons per day Low saturated fat, no trans fats |
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Clinical studies of Stanol Margarines
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Over 40 placebo controlled trials reported
Can achieve up to 14% lowering of plasma LDL when used alone as “monotherapy” Could produce up to a 30 mg/dl reduction in LDL when used to replace butter in the diet Can produce up to a 10% additional LDL lowering when taken along with a statin Palatable, safe, no effect on fat-soluble vits. Comes in lower calorie (“lite”) versions |
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Omega 3 FA's
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Highly unsaturated ( 3 double bonds)
-Linolenic acid (18:3) (ALA) Essential fatty acid – must obtain from the diet Precursor for longer 3 fatty acids Eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5) (EPA) Precursor for prostanoid synthesis Docosahexaenoic acid (22:6) (DHA) Major component of structural phospholipids in the brain (30%) and in the retina (50%) Maternal intake during pregnancy may affect neonatal retinal and brain development |
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Omega 6 FA's
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Highly unsaturated ( 2 double bonds)
Linoleic acid (18:2) (LA) Essential fatty acid - must obtain from the diet Precursor for arachidonic acid synthesis -Linolenic acid (18:3) (GLA) Non-essential precursor for prostanoid synthesis Arachidonic acid (20:4) (AA) Substrate for the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other bioactive prostanoids |
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Established Clinical Benefits of Omega 3s
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Cardiovascular - Risk of ASCVD
Lower plasma triglycerides Lower blood pressure Anti-arrhythmic effect Reduce platelet aggregation Reduce sudden death after MI Psychiatric Disorders Reduce incidence/severity of depression May reduce aggressive behavior |
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presence of DHA and EPA
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inhibit first step in arachodonic acid causing inflammation.
EPA also inhibits cox 2 and 5 lox pathway causing less inflamm effects |
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Possible clinical effects of Omega 3s
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Anti-Inflammatory Activity
Rheumatoid Arthritis Asthma Inflammatory bowel disease Psoriasis Neuro-Behavioral Disorders Neonatal visual/neural development Benefit in ADHD and Autism ? Benefit in memory disorders ? |
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Clinical Studies of Omega-3 Eggs
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Makrides et al. Nutritional effect of including egg yolk in the weaning diet of breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 75:1084-92, 2002
Infants 6-12 mo old were fed no eggs, four regular egg yolks/wk, or four 3-enriched egg yolks/wk Red cell DHA content was 30-40% higher in infants fed 3 eggs compared with regular eggs or no eggs Smuts CM et al., A randomized trial of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 101:469-79, 2003. 350 subjects between the 24-28th week of pregnancy consumed regular or DHA-enriched eggs until parturition Gestation length increased by 6.0 2.3 days (P =.009) in the DHA-enriched egg group. Birth weight, length, and head circumference also increased (P =0.06-0.18) |
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Soy
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Epidemiologic studies have found a very low incidence of heart disease, cancer, and osteoporosis in Asian populations
The risk for these disorders increases with time in Asian immigrants to Western countries, thus suggesting a dietary factor Soy and soy foods are a major component of the diet of many Asian countries Soy contains estrogen-like phytochemicals with E2 receptor agonist-antagonist activity |
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Soy Hypothesis
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Soy isoflavones, by their estrogen receptor agonist-antagonist action, protect against ASCVD and estrogen-sensitive disorders
Addition of soy and/or soy isoflavones to the Western diet can lower the risk of ASCVD and estrogen-sensitive disorders |
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Soy Products
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Whole soybeans – fresh, roasted, soy butter
Soy flour and soy protein isolate - soy dogs, soy burgers, soy sausage, energy bars Soy Milk – flavored soy drinks, non-dairy creamers, puddings, ice cream Traditional Asian foods: Tofu, Tempeh, Miso, (soy sauce does not contain isoflavones) Concentrated isoflavone supplements |
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Phytoestrogens
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look like 17 estradiol
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Evidence for Soy Efficacy
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small effect on plasma LDL levelsand hot flashes but evidence for other actions is weak.
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Good Soy
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Alternative protein substitutes
Lower cost than animal source protein Lower fat content than most meats A "Green" Food Consume fewer resources and less energy to produce than animal protein Expand the vegetarian repertoire |
