Functional Anatomy

Front 1

What 2 Mechanical Functions does Bone Serve?

Back 1

1. Rigid skeletal framework that supports/protects
2. System of rigid levers that can be moved by force from attached muscles

Front 2

4 major building blocks of bone

Back 2

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen and water

Front 3

______ and ______contribute to the stiffness of bone.

Back 3

Calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate (60-70% dry bone weight)

Front 4

Stiffness

Back 4

stress/strain in a loaded material

Front 5

Compressive strength

Back 5

ability to resist compression

Front 6

What contributes to flexibility and tensile strength in bone

Back 6

collagen

Front 7

what is the effect of aging collagen in bone?

Back 7

collagen is progressively lost and bone brittleness increases

Front 8

What else affects bone strength?

Back 8

Water content(25-30%), bone porosity

Front 9

Cortical bone

Back 9

compact mineralized bone with low porosity; found in the shafts of long bones

Front 10

Trabecular (or cancellous) bone

Back 10

less compact bone with high porosity; found in the ends of long bones and the vertebrae

Front 11

How does the structure of bone affect its strength?

Back 11

bone is anisotropic, it has different strength and stiffness depending on the direction of the load

Front 12

When is bone strongest?

Back 12

when resisting compression

Front 13

When is bone weakest?

Back 13

when resisting shear

Front 14

Axial Skeleton

Back 14

skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs

Front 15

Appendicular skeleton

Back 15

bones composing the bodies appendages

Front 16

Short Bones

Back 16

approximately cubical; include the carpals and tarsals

Front 17

flat bones

Back 17

protect organs and provide surfaces for muscle attachments; include the scapulae, sternum, ribs, patellae, some bones of the skull

Front 18

irregular bones

Back 18

have different shapes to serve different functions; include vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, maxilla

Front 19

long bones

Back 19

form the framework of the appendicular skeleton; include humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula

Front 20

Articular cartilage

Back 20

fond at the articulating ends of long bones, protects from wear at points of contact

Front 21

How do bones grow in length?

Back 21

the epiphyses or epiphyseal plates are growth centers where new bone cells are produced until the epiphysis closes during late adolescence or early adulthood

Front 22

How do bones grow in circumference?

Back 22

inner layer of the periosteum, a double layered membrane covering bone, builds concentric layers of new bone on top of existing ones

Front 23

Osteoblasts

Back 23

specialized bone that builds new bone

Front 24

Osteoclasts

Back 24

specialized bone that reabsorb bone tissue

Front 25

When does bone mineral density peak?

Back 25

25-28 for women, 30-35 for men

Front 26

Wolff's Law

Back 26

"The form being given, the bone elements place or displace themselves in the direction of functional forces and increase or decrease their mass to reflect the amount of the functional forces"

Front 27

How does a bone respond to training?

Back 27

by hypertrophying

Front 28

What activities promote bone density?

Back 28

Weight bearing exercise

Front 29

What tends to diminish bone density?

Back 29

lack of weight bearing activities, spending time in water, bed rest, leaving the earths gravitational field

Front 30

osteoporosis

Back 30

is a disorder involving decreased bone mass and strength

Front 31

Type I: osteoporosis

Back 31

(postmenopausal) osteoporosis affects about 40% of women after age 50

Front 32

Type II: osteoporosis

Back 32

(age-associated) osteoporosis affects most women and men after age 70

Front 33

Risk factors of osteoporosis

Back 33

female, white or asian, older age, small stature or frame size, family history

Front 34

Female athlete Triad

Back 34

Disordered eating(62% of all athletes), amenorrhea, and osteoporosis

Front 35

How to treat Osteoporosis

Back 35

regular weight bearing exercise is the key prevention and treatment

Front 36

How to prevent osteoporosis

Back 36

postmenopausal hormone replacement, vitamin D and calcium, avoid smoking, drinking caffeine or alcohol, and excessive consumption of protein

Front 37

Simple vs. compound fracture

Back 37

simple: bone remains in skin
Compound: one or both ends of bone protrude from skin

Front 38

Synarthroses (immovable)

Back 38

sutures(only found in skull),

Front 39

amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

Back 39

sternocostal joints, vertebral joints

Front 40

diarthroses or synovial (freely movable)

Back 40

knee, elbow, hip

Front 41

articular cartilage

Back 41

a protective layer of dense white connective tissue covering the articulating bone surfaces

Front 42

articular capsule

Back 42

a double layered membrane that surrounds the joint

Front 43

synovial fluid

Back 43

a clear slightly yellow liquid that provides lubrications inside the articular capsule

Front 44

associated bursae

Back 44

small capsules filled with synovial Fluid that cushion the structures they separate

Front 45

ball and socket joint

Back 45

hip, shoulder

Front 46

condyloid joint

Back 46

metacarpal - phalanx joint

Front 47

gliding joint

Back 47

carpals

Front 48

hinge joint

Back 48

elbow, knee

Front 49

pivot joint

Back 49

vertebrae

Front 50

saddle joint

Back 50

base of the thumb

Front 51

tendons

Back 51

connect muscles to bones

Front 52

ligaments

Back 52

connect bone to other bones

Front 53

joint stability

Back 53

ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement of the articulating bones